Глобальная экономика
Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Economics Тема 7 5:03 Английское озвучивание · Английский + китайские субтитры (встроенные)
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This topic follows economies as they integrate.
本主题讲各经济体如何相互融合。
Globalisation ties them together.
全球化把它们连在一起。
International trade brings gains, and governments sometimes protect against it.
国际贸易带来好处，政府有时也会实行保护。
And exchange rates price one currency in another.
汇率则用一种货币为另一种货币定价。
Globalisation is the increased integration and interdependence of economies.
全球化是各经济体之间融合与相互依存的加深。
Four reasons: fewer tariffs and quotas, cheaper transport, cheaper communication, and the growing significance of multinational corporations.
四个原因：关税和配额减少，运输更便宜，通讯更便宜，以及跨国公司的重要性日益增加。
Gains: higher living standards, more choice and lower prices, and cheaper communication.
好处：生活水平提高，选择更多、价格更低，通讯更便宜。
Costs: traditional industries close, workers in exposed industries lose out, and the environment is damaged.
代价：传统产业关闭，处于竞争前沿行业的工人受损，环境遭到破坏。
A multinational operates in more than one country, and foreign direct investment builds or buys productive assets abroad.
跨国公司在不止一个国家经营，外国直接投资是在国外建设或购买生产性资产。
For the host country: jobs and skills, infrastructure and capital, and tax revenue.
对东道国的好处：就业和技能、基础设施和资本、税收。
Against: tax avoidance, environmental damage, and profits sent abroad.
坏处：避税、环境破坏，以及利润流向国外。
Free trade brings lower prices and more choice for consumers, and cheaper inputs and wider markets for business.
自由贸易给消费者带来更低的价格和更多选择，给企业带来更便宜的投入品和更广阔的市场。
But foreign competition can close domestic firms and raise unemployment in exposed industries.
但外国竞争可能让本国企业倒闭，使受冲击行业的失业增加。
Seven motives.
七个动机。
Prevent dumping, where goods are exported below their normal price.
防止倾销，即以低于正常价格出口商品。
Protect employment.
保护就业。
Shelter infant industries until they can compete.
保护幼稚产业，直到它们能够竞争。
Raise tariff revenue.
获得关税收入。
Protect consumers from unsafe products.
保护消费者免受不安全产品伤害。
Reduce a current-account deficit.
减少经常账户赤字。
And retaliate.
以及报复。
On the shared model, domestic demand and domestic supply meet the world price of 12.
在同一个模型上，国内需求和国内供给面对 12 的世界价格。
At 12, firms supply 68 and buyers want 116, so imports are 48.
价格为 12 时，本国企业供应 68，买方需要 116，所以进口为 48。
A tariff of 4 lifts the price to 16: supply rises to 84, demand falls to 108, and imports halve to 24.
征收 4 的关税使价格升到 16：供给增至 84，需求降到 108，进口减半为 24。
The government collects 4 times 24: 96.
政府收入为 4 乘 24，即 96。
The deadweight loss is 32 plus 16: 48.
无谓损失是 32 加 16，等于 48。
A tariff taxes imports: it raises revenue but lifts prices.
关税是对进口征税：带来收入，但抬高价格。
A quota limits the quantity exactly, but raises no revenue and also lifts prices.
配额精确限制数量，但没有收入，也会抬高价格。
A subsidy to domestic producers saves jobs but costs the budget.
对本国生产者的补贴能保住就业，但花费财政资金。
Each risks retaliation and can shelter inefficiency.
每种方法都可能招致报复，并可能庇护低效率。
Trading blocs such as the EU allow free trade between members and economies of scale, but divert trade away from non-members.
欧盟等贸易集团允许成员之间自由贸易并获得规模经济，但会把贸易从非成员国转移走。
The WTO negotiates freer trade, sets trade rules and settles disputes.
世界贸易组织推动贸易自由化，制定贸易规则并解决争端。
The exchange rate is the price of one currency in another, set by demand and supply.
汇率是一种货币用另一种货币表示的价格，由供求决定。
Three forces move it: interest rates, because higher rates attract funds; currency speculators; and trade, because buyers of exports need the domestic currency.
三种力量推动它：利率，因为利率高会吸引资金；货币投机者；以及贸易，因为购买出口商品的人需要本国货币。
Four words.
四个词。
In a floating system the market moves the rate: a rise is an appreciation, a fall a depreciation.
在浮动汇率制度下由市场决定：上升叫升值，下降叫贬值。
Under a fixed rate the change is deliberate: a rise is a revaluation, a cut a devaluation.
在固定汇率下，变动是人为的：上调叫法定升值，下调叫法定贬值。
This is the market for the foreign currency.
这是外币市场。
Its demand meets its supply at 5 domestic units per foreign unit.
外币的需求和供给在 1 单位外币兑 5 单位本币处相交。
A rise in import demand shifts the demand for foreign currency right.
进口需求上升使外币需求右移。
One foreign unit now costs 6.5 domestic: the domestic currency has depreciated.
现在 1 单位外币要 6.5 单位本币：本币贬值了。
After a depreciation, import prices rise and export prices abroad fall.
贬值后，进口价格上升，出口在国外的价格下降。
So import demand falls and export demand rises, which can improve the current account.
于是进口需求下降、出口需求上升，可能改善经常账户。
The cost is imported inflation.
代价是输入型通胀。
A Japanese car costs 3 million yen.
一辆日本汽车售价 300 万日元。
At 120 yen per dollar it sells for 25,000 dollars; at 150, for 20,000.
按 1 美元兑 120 日元，售价 25,000 美元；按 150，则是 20,000 美元。
A barrel of oil at 80 dollars costs 9,600 yen at 120, and 12,000 yen at 150: a rise of 25 percent, with no change in the dollar price.
一桶 80 美元的石油，按 120 是 9,600 日元，按 150 是 12,000 日元：上涨百分之 25，而美元价格没有变。
Gains: exporters sell more abroad, tourism hit a record, and some inflation was welcome after years of very low prices.
收益：出口商在海外卖得更多，旅游业创下纪录，多年物价极低之后，一些通胀也受欢迎。
Losses: energy and food are necessities, so the import bill rose; Japan had a record trade deficit, and real incomes fell.
损失：能源和食品是必需品，进口账单上升；日本出现创纪录的贸易逆差，实际收入下降。
Judgement: a short-term boost, but lasting growth needs productivity, not a cheaper currency.
判断：短期提振，但持久增长需要提高生产率，而不是更便宜的货币。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
At the world price of 12, imports are 116 minus 68: 48.
世界价格为 12 时，进口为 116 减 68，即 48。
At 16 the tariff raises 4 times 24: 96.
价格为 16 时，关税收入为 4 乘 24，即 96。
A deliberate cut in a fixed rate is a devaluation.
固定汇率下的人为下调叫法定贬值。
A depreciation raises import prices.
贬值使进口价格上升。
And 3 million yen at 150 per dollar is 20,000 dollars.
300 万日元按 1 美元兑 150 日元是 20,000 美元。