Гормоны, стресс и регуляция поведения
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| HPA axis/ˌeɪtʃ piː ˈeɪ ˈæksɪs/ | ось гипоталамо-гипофизарно-надпочечниковая (ГГН) |
| negative feedback/ˈneɡətɪv ˈfiːdbæk/ | отрицательная обратная связь |
A decision before an answer
- A hormone is a broadcast message: slow, body-wide, and unreadable by any cell without the receptor.
- Your goal: Trace the HPA stress response from trigger to cortisol.
Run the two clocks
- The stress response runs on two clocks.
- The fast sympathetic-adrenal-medullary path releases adrenaline within seconds; the slower HPA axis runs hypothalamus (CRH) to pituitary (ACTH) to adrenal cortex (cortisol) over minutes, mobilising energy and suppressing non-urgent functions. Chronic stress can affect health through several interacting pathways; cortisol is one part of this regulation, not a single inevitable cause.
The hormone responsible for preparing the uterus for implantation of a fertilised ovum is:
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Progesterone builds and maintains the uterine lining.
Match hormone to loop
- Key regulatory hormones: progesterone prepares and maintains the uterine lining for implantation; oxytocin drives labour contractions and milk let-down and is linked to bonding; melatonin times sleep-wake cycles; insulin and glucagon manage blood glucose in opposition.
- Match the hormone to the loop it serves, not to a vague mood label.
Compared with neural signalling, hormonal signalling is:
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Hormones travel the bloodstream: slow, sustained, and selective only via receptors.
Compare neural and hormonal
- Hormones differ from neural signals in timing and targeting: neural signalling is often faster and spatially directed; hormonal signalling often acts over longer times through circulation.
- These are tendencies with exceptions, not an absolute division. Only cells carrying the matching receptor respond, so a circulating hormone can still be selective.
A near-miss in traffic: adrenaline within seconds, then cortisol via the HPA axis over minutes; cortisol later inhibits CRH/ACTH to settle the response. Progesterone prepares the uterus for a fertilised ovum. Melatonin rises at night to time sleep.
In the HPA axis, the pituitary releases ACTH, which drives the adrenal cortex to release ____.
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CRH from the hypothalamus starts the chain; cortisol is the adrenal output.
Close the feedback loop
- Feedback keeps the system bounded: cortisol inhibits CRH and ACTH release (negative feedback), so the axis ramps down when the stressor passes.
- Feedback failure or chronic activation — not the hormone itself — is what turns an adaptive response into a liability.
Assigning a hormone a single emotion, or forgetting receptor selectivity; hormones broadcast but only receptor-bearing cells answer.
Какой ответ подходит к данному случаю?
Отслеживать реакцию стресса HPA от триггера до кортизола
A hormone affects every cell it reaches in the bloodstream.
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Only cells with the matching receptor respond; circulation is broad but action is selective.
Keep the distinctions
- HPA axis 下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴 — The hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal chain producing the slower cortisol stress response.
- negative feedback 负反馈 — A product inhibiting its own upstream release, bounding the response.
- Trace the HPA stress response from trigger to cortisol.
- Match key hormones to their regulatory roles.
- Distinguish hormonal from neural timing and targeting.
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
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Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
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The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.