Социальное познание, атрибуция и социальное влияние
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| fundamental attribution error/ˌfʌndəˈmentl ətrɪˈbjuːʃn ˈerə/ | Фундаментальная ошибка атрибуции |
| normative influence/ˈnɔːmətɪv ˈɪnfluːəns/ | Нормативное влияние |
A decision before an answer
- Watching a stranger's mistake, people blame the person; making the same mistake themselves, they blame the situation.
- Your goal: Apply attribution theory and its characteristic errors.
Assign the cause
- Attribution assigns causes to behaviour: internal (dispositional) or external (situational). The fundamental attribution error over-uses dispositional explanations for others, and the actor-observer asymmetry reverses this for ourselves.
- Correspondent inference asks when an act reveals a trait: freely chosen, unexpected or low-consensus acts are the most informative.
A shopper, furious after a parking ticket, screams at a friend who tells him to calm down. Which theory best accounts for the outburst?
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Residual arousal from the ticket intensifies the later anger; that is excitation transfer.
Separate the influences
- Normative influence is conforming to be accepted; informational influence is accepting others' behaviour as evidence about reality.
- Asch's line studies showed conformity to a unanimous majority on unambiguous judgements; Milgram's obedience studies showed destructive compliance with an authority. Conformity falls sharply with one dissenting partner.
Conforming to a group in order to be accepted, despite private doubt, is:
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Acceptance-seeking conformity is normative; informational influence takes the group as evidence about reality.
Resolve the dissonance
- Cognitive dissonance is the tension from holding inconsistent cognitions, reduced by changing attitudes or justifications; with insufficient external justification, people internalise the behaviour.
- Persuasion follows the elaboration likelihood model: the central route (arguments) produces durable change when audiences can and will think; the peripheral route (cues, attractiveness) is fragile.
Screaming at a friend after a parking ticket is excitation transfer: residual arousal intensifies the later anger. Reminding yourself of a strength after a comparison threat is self-affirmation. Agreeing with a unanimous group on an obvious line length is normative conformity. A vague appeal working only when the audience is distracted is peripheral-route persuasion.
In the elaboration likelihood model, the durable route through argument quality is the ____ route.
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Central-route change requires the ability and motivation to think; the peripheral route rests on cues.
Protect the self
- Self-evaluation processes include self-affirmation (restoring worth in an unaffected domain), self-verification (seeking confirming feedback), self-monitoring (adjusting self-presentation) and the self-serving bias.
- Excitation transfer lets residual arousal from one event intensify a later emotional reaction.
Do not merge conformity and obedience (peer pressure versus authority), or call every dispositional inference an error; the error is neglecting the situation, not using traits at all.
Какой ответ подходит к данному случаю?
Применяйте теорию атрибуции и характерные ошибки приписывания
Obedience and conformity are two names for the same social process.
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Obedience follows an authority command; conformity follows peer pressure without a command.
Keep the distinctions
- fundamental attribution error 基本归因错误 — Over-attributing others' behaviour to disposition while neglecting the situation.
- normative influence 规范性影响 — Conforming to gain acceptance or avoid rejection, distinct from informational influence.
- Apply attribution theory and its characteristic errors.
- Distinguish conformity, obedience and the two influence routes.
- Explain dissonance, persuasion routes and self-evaluation processes.
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
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Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
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The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.