Производительность труда и разделение труда
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| division of labour/dɪˈvɪʒn ɒv ˈleɪbə/ | разделение труда |
| human capital/ˈhjuːmən ˈkæpɪtl/ | человеческий капитал |
A decision you can investigate
- A workshop reorganizes cutting, assembly and packing. The same team produces more items in the same working time.
- More output can come from using inputs better, rather than adding more workers.
Build the explanation
- Productivity is output per unit of input. Output per worker or per worker-hour must use a consistent period. Land improvements include irrigation, drainage, reclamation or fertilizer; labour quality can improve through training and education; capital quantity and technology can improve productive methods.
- Division of labour 劳动分工 gives workers specialized tasks. Practice, less switching and suitable tools can raise efficiency. Repetition, dependence on other tasks and narrow skills can reduce motivation or flexibility.
Work through the evidence
- Initially 5 workers make 100 items in 4 hours. Worker-hours = workers × hours = 5 × 4 = 20; productivity = output divided by worker-hours = 100/20 = 5 items per worker-hour.
- After training they make 140 items in the same 20 worker-hours: productivity = 140/20 = 7. Output and productivity rise, but output quality and additional training costs still need checking.
Какова производительность после обучения?
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Имеется 20 worker-hours, следовательно, 140/20 = 7.
Test the limits
- Adding workers can raise output without raising output per worker. Migration can expand the workforce and bring skills, but its productivity effects depend on matching and conditions.
- Specialization may suit repeated production better than a small workshop making varied one-off products. Judge both worker outcomes and firm efficiency.
Какое изменение само по себе не гарантирует повышение производительности?
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Объем продукции необходимо сравнивать с использованными ресурсами.
Обучение является инвестицией в человеческий капитал, даже если его производственный эффект проявляется не сразу.
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Навыки могут улучшить производственные возможности; результаты все равно зависят от качества обучения и его применения.
Apply and explain your answer
- What establishes higher labour productivity in the training case?
- More output is produced per unchanged worker-hour input.
Каков возможный недостаток специализации для работника?
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Повторение и ограниченный набор переносимых задач могут снизить мотивацию и гибкость.
Use the terms precisely
- human capital 人力资本: Skills, knowledge and capabilities contributing to productive work.
- division of labour: Splitting production into tasks performed by specialist workers.
Сопоставьте термины с их значениями.
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Каждый термин описывает специфический механизм в этом уроке.
Initially 5 workers make 100 items in 4 hours. Worker-hours = workers × hours = 5 × 4 = 20; productivity = output divided by worker-hours = 100/20 = 5 items per worker-hour. After training they make 140 items in the same 20 worker-hours: productivity = 140/20 = 7. Output and productivity rise, but output quality and additional training costs still need checking.
Adding workers can raise output without raising output per worker. Migration can expand the workforce and bring skills, but its productivity effects depend on matching and conditions. Specialization may suit repeated production better than a small workshop making varied one-off products. Judge both worker outcomes and firm efficiency.
Productivity is output per unit of input. Output per worker or per worker-hour must use a consistent period. Land improvements include irrigation, drainage, reclamation or fertilizer; labour quality can improve through training and education; capital quantity and technology can improve productive methods.