Монопсония и конкурентоспособные рынки
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| monopsony/ˈmɒnəʊpsəni/ | монопсония |
| sunk cost/sʌŋk kɒst/ | постоянные издержки |
A decision you can investigate
- A supermarket chain is the only buyer of a region’s farm produce and the main local employer.
- Should it push the price it pays farms as low as possible?
Build the explanation
- A monopsony 买方垄断 is a market with a single buyer; monopsony power means one buyer can influence the price it pays. As an employer it faces the labour supply curve as its average cost of labour, so the marginal cost of labour lies above supply: attracting one more worker means paying more to all.
- It hires where marginal revenue product equals marginal cost of labour, then pays the wage on the supply curve, so employment and the wage are both below the competitive outcome. A contestable market has easy entry and exit with low sunk costs, so potential entrants discipline incumbents; limit pricing holds price below the short-run profit maximum to make entry unprofitable, unlike predatory pricing which prices below average variable cost to drive existing rivals out.
Work through the evidence
- With labour supply W = 2 + 0.05L and MRP W = 12 − 0.05L, a competitive market sets 2 + 0.05L = 12 − 0.05L, so 0.10L = 10: L = 100 workers at W = 7 per hour.
- The monopsonist’s marginal cost of labour is W = 2 + 0.10L; setting MRP equal to it gives 0.15L = 10, so L ≈ 67 workers, and the wage read off supply is W ≈ 2 + 0.05 × 66.7 ≈ 5.3 per hour.
При предложении труда W = 2 + 0.05L и MRP W = 12 − 0.05L, какова оплата на конкурентном рынке труда?
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Условие предложения MRP определяет 0.10L = 10, откуда L = 100 и W = 7; пара 67/5.3 является результатом монопопсонии.
Test the limits
- Monopsony gains for the buyer become consumer gains only if cost savings are passed on; suppliers may instead be squeezed into lower quality. Suppliers can organise into cooperatives and workers into unions to counter bargaining power.
- Contestability is a spectrum: high sunk costs make hit-and-run entry too risky, so even a concentrated market stays safe for incumbents; low sunk costs make even a monopoly behave competitively.
Откуда берется зарплата монопопсониста?
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Равенство MRP и MCL определяет объем занятости; зарплата затем определяется по нижней кривой предложения.
Монопопсонист всегда снижает благосостояние потребителей.
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Влияние покупателя становится убытком для потребителей лишь тогда, когда экономия на издержках не передается в виде снижения цен; конкурентность рынка зависит от условий входа, а не от количества фирм.
Apply and explain your answer
- Does the monopsonist pay the wage where MRP equals the marginal cost of labour?
- No: that intersection fixes employment at about 67; the wage is read off the supply curve at that employment, about 5.3.
Что делает вход «пришел-ушел» убедительным в конкурентном рынке?
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Низкие постоянные издержки позволяют новому участнику войти, получить прибыль и выйти с минимальными потерями.
Use the terms precisely
- monopsony: A market with a single buyer, or one buyer dominant enough to set the price it pays.
- sunk cost 沉没成本: Spending that cannot be recovered on exit, such as industry-specific equipment.
Сопоставьте термины с их значениями.
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Используйте каждый термин для его указанного экономического соотношения.
With labour supply W = 2 + 0.05L and MRP W = 12 − 0.05L, a competitive market sets 2 + 0.05L = 12 − 0.05L, so 0.10L = 10: L = 100 workers at W = 7 per hour. The monopsonist’s marginal cost of labour is W = 2 + 0.10L; setting MRP equal to it gives 0.15L = 10, so L ≈ 67 workers, and the wage read off supply is W ≈ 2 + 0.05 × 66.7 ≈ 5.3 per hour.
Monopsony gains for the buyer become consumer gains only if cost savings are passed on; suppliers may instead be squeezed into lower quality. Suppliers can organise into cooperatives and workers into unions to counter bargaining power. Contestability is a spectrum: high sunk costs make hit-and-run entry too risky, so even a concentrated market stays safe for incumbents; low sunk costs make even a monopoly behave competitively.
A monopsony is a market with a single buyer; monopsony power means one buyer can influence the price it pays. As an employer it faces the labour supply curve as its average cost of labour, so the marginal cost of labour lies above supply: attracting one more worker means paying more to all.