Чистая торговля и условные валютные эффекты
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| exchange-rate quotation/eksˈtʃeɪndʒ reɪt kwəʊˈteɪʃn/ | курс валюты (котируемый курс) |
| non-price competitiveness/nɒn praɪs kəmˈpetɪtɪvnəs/ | неценовая конкурентоспособность |
A decision you can investigate
- A depreciation can make one export cheaper to a foreign buyer while making its imported input more costly. Global demand or delivery quality may matter more than that price change.
- A currency calculation is the beginning of trade analysis.
Build the explanation
- An exchange-rate quotation 汇率报价 states one currency’s units per unit of another. Net trade X−M can change with domestic real income, exchange rates, global economic conditions, protectionism and non-price competitiveness 非价格竞争力. Higher domestic income often raises import demand, conditional on preferences and import responsiveness. Higher foreign income may raise export demand. Depreciation can alter relative prices but contracts, capacity, elasticities and imported inputs condition the net effect.
- Protection can reduce some imports yet invite retaliation or raise producers’ input costs. Product quality, reliability, after-sales service, technology and delivery times affect demand independently of price. Name the quotation and the changed determinant before claiming a shift in net exports or AD.
Work through the evidence
- The fictional quote moves from 5 to 6 local currency units per US dollar: the local currency depreciates. A local-priced export of 120 costs a foreign buyer 120/5=24 dollars initially, then 120/6=20 dollars if its local price stays fixed. A dollar-priced imported input of 10 costs 50 locally initially and 60 later.
- A producer using that input per export unit has margin before other costs 120−50=70, then 120−60=60 if local sale price remains 120. The foreign buyer sees a lower dollar price while the producer faces a lower local margin. If exporters raise local prices or contracts are fixed in dollars, the arithmetic changes. Without quantities and other flows, these two prices cannot determine the change in X−M.
Чему равна новая цена в долларах при неизменной местной цене продажи 120?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Разделите 120 на 6 местных единиц на доллар.
Test the limits
- Demand may respond slowly to prices because contracts, habit and supplier switching take time. Higher import costs can raise domestic production costs and affect supply as well as demand. A global slowdown can weaken exports despite depreciation; improved quality or reliability can strengthen exports without currency change.
- Tariff protection is not costless: consumers, downstream producers, export access and retaliation matter. The examples do not predict an actual exchange rate or advise a currency transaction. Compare quantities, values, production capacity and time horizons before making a conditional current-account judgement.
Что происходит с местной стоимостью входа, ценимого в долларах?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Умножьте 10 долларов на каждую приведенную локальную ставку за доллар.
Обесценивание неизбежно улучшает чистый торговый баланс немедленно.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Количества, контракты, эластичности, мощности и импортные расходы обусловливают результат.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does a cheaper dollar price of the export not prove that the producer’s local profit rises?
- Its imported input becomes more costly; sales quantity and other costs also matter, and the stated per-unit margin falls.
Что может увеличить экспорт, не снижая цену?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Спрос может реагировать на непотребительскую конкурентоспособность.
Use the terms precisely
- non-price competitiveness: Ability to attract demand through quality, reliability, service or other attributes beyond price.
- exchange-rate quotation: The stated units of one currency per unit of another, needed to interpret an exchange-rate change.
Сопоставьте термины с их значениями.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
Используйте каждый термин для его указанного экономического соотношения.
The fictional quote moves from 5 to 6 local currency units per US dollar: the local currency depreciates. A local-priced export of 120 costs a foreign buyer 120/5=24 dollars initially, then 120/6=20 dollars if its local price stays fixed. A dollar-priced imported input of 10 costs 50 locally initially and 60 later. A producer using that input per export unit has margin before other costs 120−50=70, then 120−60=60 if local sale price remains 120. The foreign buyer sees a lower dollar price while the producer faces a lower local margin. If exporters raise local prices or contracts are fixed in dollars, the arithmetic changes. Without quantities and other flows, these two prices cannot determine the change in X−M.
Demand may respond slowly to prices because contracts, habit and supplier switching take time. Higher import costs can raise domestic production costs and affect supply as well as demand. A global slowdown can weaken exports despite depreciation; improved quality or reliability can strengthen exports without currency change. Tariff protection is not costless: consumers, downstream producers, export access and retaliation matter. The examples do not predict an actual exchange rate or advise a currency transaction. Compare quantities, values, production capacity and time horizons before making a conditional current-account judgement.
An exchange-rate quotation states one currency’s units per unit of another. Net trade X−M can change with domestic real income, exchange rates, global economic conditions, protectionism and non-price competitiveness. Higher domestic income often raises import demand, conditional on preferences and import responsiveness. Higher foreign income may raise export demand. Depreciation can alter relative prices but contracts, capacity, elasticities and imported inputs condition the net effect.