Квоты на загрязнение и права собственности
Введено| English | Значение |
|---|---|
| tradable pollution permit/ˈtreɪdəbl pəˈluːʃn ˈpɜːmɪt/ | торгуемый лицензионный сертификат на загрязнение |
| property rights/ˈprɒpəti raɪts/ | права собственности |
A decision you can investigate
- Two factories can reduce the same pollution at different costs. A shared emissions cap can allow reductions to occur where they are cheaper, provided emissions are measured and the rule is enforced.
- Tradability changes who abates; the cap sets the permitted total.
Build the explanation
- Tradable pollution permits require covered firms to hold rights for specified emissions. An enforced cap constrains total covered emissions; trade can shift abatement toward firms with lower marginal reduction costs. Unlike a tax that sets a charge and leaves the resulting quantity uncertain, a cap fixes permitted quantity while the permit price responds to demand.
- Extending property rights 产权 can give affected parties an enforceable claim and an incentive to bargain over external effects. Clear rights alone do not ensure an efficient outcome when parties are numerous, damage is uncertain, transaction costs are high or enforcement is weak. Initial rights and permit allocation affect distribution even when efficient abatement is possible.
Work through the evidence
- Each fictional factory initially emits 10 units; total 20. A cap of 12 requires 8 units of total abatement. Assume constant abatement costs: A costs 10 per unit and B costs 30, and each can reduce up to 10. Equal reductions of 4 each cost 4×10+4×30=160. A instead abates 8 and B 0, reducing resource cost to 8×10=80 while final emissions remainA 2+B 10=12.
- If each starts with 6 permits, A has 4 spare after its 8 reductions and B needs 4 more. Trading 4 permits at 20 transfers 80 fromB toA. A’s abatement cost 80 is offset by receipts 80; B pays 80. The trading payment redistributes money: total resource abatement cost is still 80, not 160. The assumed permit price 20 is illustrative, not an asserted market forecast.
Какой общий объем сокращения выбросов требуется?
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Первичные выбросы 20 минус лимит 12 равно 8.
Test the limits
- Marginal abatement costs normally change as more is removed; compare next-unit costs, not a fixed average. A cap may leak emissions into uncovered regions or activities, and monitoring, penalty credibility, banking of permits and market power matter. Auctions can generate public revenue; free allocation can confer rents.
- A local noise dispute with a few parties may be easier to bargain over than diffuse air pollution affecting thousands. Environment, energy, transport and commodity production can require different coverage and harm measures. Neither permits nor rights automatically protect every household or eliminate all residual harm.
Каковы затраты на ресурсы, когда А осуществляет все сокращения 8?
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Постоянные издержки А, умноженные на 10, равны 8, что составляет 80.
Плата за торговлю разрешениями неизбежно представляет собой дополнительные ресурсные издержки по сокращению ущерба.
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Это трансфер; учитывайте фактические ресурсы для снижения ущерба и реальные транзакционные издержки отдельно.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why must the 80 permit payment not be added to resource cost as if it were another 80 of pollution reduction?
- It is a transfer between firms for the same permits; the stated real abatement resources cost 80, with transaction and monitoring costs excluded.
Что может препятствовать эффективному торгу, несмотря на присвоенные права?
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Ограничения, связанные с координацией, информацией и обеспечением соблюдения правил, могут препятствовать достижению взаимовыгодного соглашения.
Use the terms precisely
- tradable pollution permit 可交易污染许可证: An exchangeable authorization for a specified amount of emissions within a regulated system.
- property rights: Enforceable claims governing use, control or compensation for a resource or activity.
Сопоставьте термины с их значениями.
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Используйте каждый термин для его указанного экономического соотношения.
Each fictional factory initially emits 10 units; total 20. A cap of 12 requires 8 units of total abatement. Assume constant abatement costs: A costs 10 per unit and B costs 30, and each can reduce up to 10. Equal reductions of 4 each cost 4×10+4×30=160. A instead abates 8 and B 0, reducing resource cost to 8×10=80 while final emissions remainA 2+B 10=12. If each starts with 6 permits, A has 4 spare after its 8 reductions and B needs 4 more. Trading 4 permits at 20 transfers 80 fromB toA. A’s abatement cost 80 is offset by receipts 80; B pays 80. The trading payment redistributes money: total resource abatement cost is still 80, not 160. The assumed permit price 20 is illustrative, not an asserted market forecast.
Marginal abatement costs normally change as more is removed; compare next-unit costs, not a fixed average. A cap may leak emissions into uncovered regions or activities, and monitoring, penalty credibility, banking of permits and market power matter. Auctions can generate public revenue; free allocation can confer rents. A local noise dispute with a few parties may be easier to bargain over than diffuse air pollution affecting thousands. Environment, energy, transport and commodity production can require different coverage and harm measures. Neither permits nor rights automatically protect every household or eliminate all residual harm.
Tradable pollution permits require covered firms to hold rights for specified emissions. An enforced cap constrains total covered emissions; trade can shift abatement toward firms with lower marginal reduction costs. Unlike a tax that sets a charge and leaves the resulting quantity uncertain, a cap fixes permitted quantity while the permit price responds to demand.