Вопросы для повторения

Неизмеренный отток

• Separate physical evidence from value judgements. A stock is an amount at a time; a flow is an amount per time. Sustainability decisions require ecological, social and economic evidence and a stated scale.

570

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Использовать трансект с фиксированными расстояниями отбора проб

• Estimate total abundance by multiplying mean density by area, with consistent units. This assumes sampled areas represent the habitat. Patchiness and too few samples widen uncertainty.

12

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Их равномерность распределения

• Compare surveys with similar area, effort, season and identification rules. A diversity index is meaningful only with its formula and conventions specified. Habitat fragmentation can affect movement and gene flow even when total area changes little.

4 видов

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Концентрация снижается, но масса загрязнителя остаётся прежней

• Distinguish concentration from total pollutant load. Dilution can reduce concentration without removing the pollutant mass. A management plan should consider upstream causes, users and effects on other parts of the catchment.

600 мг/мин

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Урожай, разделённый на возделываемую площадь

• Distinguish total yield from yield per area and energy input. Sustainable management must consider regeneration rates and impacts beyond the farm boundary. Different stakeholders may rank food security, biodiversity and income differently.

4 т/га

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Поднятие уязвимого электрического оборудования выше ожидаемого уровня наводнения

• Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts. A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.

30 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Иммиграция

• Compare rates with a common denominator and interval. An average can hide unequal access to services. At HL, evaluate how economic incentives, legal responsibilities and ethical priorities change an urban management proposal.

2 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Сравнимые экологические наблюдения с мониторингом и зафиксированными факторами, влияющими на результат

• Distinguish the legal instrument from the evidence about its effect. A concentration limit can be satisfied while total pollutant load rises if flow increases. Evaluate monitoring coverage, detection probability, incentives, access to justice and effects on different groups. An observed change after a policy is compatible with an effect but also with rainfall, industrial changes or other interventions.

600 мг/мин

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Её границы, допущения о valuation и распределение воздействий

• In a simplified model, marginal social cost equals marginal private cost plus marginal external cost. A pollution charge can alter incentives, but selecting a charge requires evidence and a stated objective. Monetary totals do not by themselves settle distribution, irreversibility, uncertainty or whether a service can be substituted.

400 стоимостных единиц

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Будущие поколения должны иметь доступ к этой экосистеме

• Separate descriptive claims from normative claims. A species count is evidence about the sampled community; deciding that every species has intrinsic value is a value position. Compare consequences, rights, duties and fairness across generations. A defensible argument states its values, uses accurate evidence and acknowledges competing claims rather than disguising a value choice as a calculation.

20 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.

Весы показывают 0.20 г в пустом состоянии

• For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.

2.5 %

• Appropriate relation; consistent substitution; correct result; meaningful unit and interpretation.