International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma

Biology · SL

Экзаменационные билеты, образцы и документы программы для этого курса.

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Общие документы по темам сохраняют исходные названия курса и темы. Используйте спецификацию выбранной вами экзаменационной системы для охвата, уровня сложности и требований к экзамену.

Раздаточные материалы · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL (35)

Листы заданий · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL (27)

Презентационные слайды · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL (35)

Слайды с разбором упражнений · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL (27)

Методические руководства · International Baccalaureate · IB Diploma · Biology · SL (1)

Практические навыки

Раздаточные материалы · A-Level Biology (19)

Листы заданий · A-Level Biology (44)

Презентационные слайды · A-Level Biology (19)

Слайды с разбором упражнений · A-Level Biology (86)

Учебные модули и цели обучения

Эти уроки охватывают выбранные цели курса. Проверьте оставшиеся пробелы в материале; это не является полной программой подготовки.

Уроки →Практика лексики →

A.1.1 · Вода

Attraction between molecules of the same substance.
The same intermolecular interactions help explain surface tension and the energy needed to change temperature. Heating changes molecular motion and interactions; it does not normally break the covalent O–H bonds.
Compare equal drops on clean surfaces under fixed temperature. Measure contact angle or spreading consistently. A detergent changes the system, so record concentration rather than treating all liquids as equivalent.

когезия: Притяжение между молекулами одного вещества
адгезия: Притяжение между разными веществами

A.1.2 · Нуклеиновые кислоты

Formation of RNA using a DNA template.
A codon comprises three bases. The genetic code is degenerate: more than one codon can specify the same amino acid. A substitution can therefore be silent, while insertions or deletions can shift the reading frame.
Keep DNA template, coding DNA and mRNA distinct. State the strand used and write sequences in the required direction. Use a codon table for mRNA, not an unexplained DNA triplet.

транскрипция: Образование РНК на матрице ДНК
трансляция: Образование полипептида по последовательности мРНК

A.2.2 · Строение клетки

Image length divided by actual length.
A scale bar provides a known real distance in the same image. Convert the image length and real length to the same unit before dividing. Magnification is a ratio and has no unit.
Focus a prepared slide at low power first. Move to a higher power and use fine focus. Make a clear line drawing, label structures with straight lines, and record the scale rather than shading the image.

увеличение: Длина изображения, делённая на фактическую длину
роздільна здатність: Способность различать две близкие точки

A.3.1 · Разнообразие организмов

A named group in a classification.
Read relationships from the branching order. Rotating branches at a node does not change ancestry. A branch length represents time or change only when the diagram gives a scale.
Record character states in a matrix before drawing a tree. Define which state is ancestral using an appropriate comparison. Test whether a new molecular dataset supports the same grouping.

таксон: Именованная группа в классификации
кладо: Общий предок и все его потомки

A.4.1 · Эволюция и видообразование

A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context.
Explain both a benefit and a cost. Reducing stomatal opening conserves water but can limit carbon dioxide entry. A feature cannot be judged as universally best without its ecological context.
Compare replicated observations across a measured environmental gradient. Account for relatedness, leaf area and age. Use local permitted plant observations rather than removing protected species.

адаптация: Наследуемая черта, повышающая выживаемость или репродуктивный успех в определённых условиях
акклиматизация: Индивидуальная адаптация к изменённым условиям в течение жизни

A.4.2 · Сохранение биоразнообразия

The number of species recorded.
Compare surveys with similar area, effort, season and identification rules. A diversity index is meaningful only with its formula and conventions specified. Habitat fragmentation can affect movement and gene flow even when total area changes little.
Use non-destructive field sampling approved by the school. Identify organisms with a suitable key and record uncertain identifications rather than inventing species. Combine ecological evidence with stakeholder perspectives on land use.

богатство видов: Количество зарегистрированных видов
равномерность: Насколько равномерно особи распределены между видами

B.1.1 · Углеводы и липиды

A covalent linkage between amino-acid residues.
Condensation forms a linkage with a small molecule such as water released in the simplified model; hydrolysis uses water to break such a linkage. Polymer sequence, branching, polarity and three-dimensional shape matter. Saturated fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double bond, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one; this difference can influence packing under stated conditions.
Use labelled molecular models and identify the actual linkage rather than memorizing shapes alone. Compare an attributed structure with the proposed function, mark polar and non-polar regions where justified, and distinguish a monomer from a residue within a polymer. Food tests provide evidence of chemical groups under specific conditions, not complete molecular structures.

пептидная связь: Ковалентная связь между остатками аминокислот
гидролиз: Разрыв связи с участием воды

B.1.2 · Белки

A covalent linkage between amino-acid residues.
Condensation forms a linkage with a small molecule such as water released in the simplified model; hydrolysis uses water to break such a linkage. Polymer sequence, branching, polarity and three-dimensional shape matter. Saturated fatty acids have no carbon-carbon double bond, while unsaturated fatty acids have at least one; this difference can influence packing under stated conditions.
Use labelled molecular models and identify the actual linkage rather than memorizing shapes alone. Compare an attributed structure with the proposed function, mark polar and non-polar regions where justified, and distinguish a monomer from a residue within a polymer. Food tests provide evidence of chemical groups under specific conditions, not complete molecular structures.

пептидная связь: Ковалентная связь между остатками аминокислот
гидролиз: Разрыв связи с участием воды

B.2.1 · Мембраны и мембранный транспорт

Net water movement through a partially permeable membrane.
Use percentage change to compare samples with different initial masses. A zero percentage change estimates a solution concentration with no net water movement. This is an estimate from a trend, not proof that water molecules stop moving.
Use equal-length cylinders from similar tissue, fixed solution volume, temperature and immersion time. Blot each cylinder in the same way before weighing. Repeat each concentration and plot mean percentage change against concentration.

осмос: Чистый поток воды через полупроницаемую мембрану
контролируемая переменная: Фактор, остающийся постоянным для честного сравнения

B.2.2 · Органоиды и компартментализация

Image length divided by actual length.
A scale bar provides a known real distance in the same image. Convert the image length and real length to the same unit before dividing. Magnification is a ratio and has no unit.
Focus a prepared slide at low power first. Move to a higher power and use fine focus. Make a clear line drawing, label structures with straight lines, and record the scale rather than shading the image.

увеличение: Длина изображения, делённая на фактическую длину
роздільна здатність: Способность различать две близкие точки

B.2.3 · Специализация клеток

Development of specialized cell structure and function.
Link a named feature to a mechanism and then to the function. Increased area can support exchange, but membrane proteins, gradients and metabolic demand also matter. Stem cells retain different degrees of developmental potential.
Compare scaled drawings of named cells. Label the structure, state the function and explain the causal link. Use tissue-specific examples rather than saying every specialized cell has every adaptation.

дифференцированию: Развитие специализированной структуры и функции клетки
экспрессия гена: Использование генетической информации для синтеза функционального продукта

B.3.1 · Газообмен

Movement of air or water over an exchange surface.
Distinguish movement of the whole medium from diffusion across the membrane. Ventilation and perfusion work together, while haemoglobin helps transport oxygen in blood. A change in breathing rate alone does not measure oxygen uptake.
Use an approved model or published respiratory data. Compare exchange surface area, diffusion path and flow. For human demonstrations use voluntary resting measurements; do not induce breathlessness or hyperventilation.

проветривание: Движение воздуха или воды над газообменной поверхностью
перфузия: Кровоток через ткань или газообменную поверхность

B.3.2 · Транспорт

Breakdown of large food molecules.
Absorption moves soluble products into blood or lymph. Thin exchange surfaces and a large surface area shorten diffusion paths and increase transfer. Enzyme activity and transport are different processes.
Use Benedict reagent with controlled heating for reducing sugars, iodine for starch, Biuret reagent for protein, and the ethanol emulsion test for lipids. Keep ethanol away from flames. Use positive and negative controls.

пищеварение: Расщепление крупных молекул пищи
поглощение: Перемещение растворимых продуктов в организм

B.4.1 · Адаптация к среде обитания

A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context.
Explain both a benefit and a cost. Reducing stomatal opening conserves water but can limit carbon dioxide entry. A feature cannot be judged as universally best without its ecological context.
Compare replicated observations across a measured environmental gradient. Account for relatedness, leaf area and age. Use local permitted plant observations rather than removing protected species.

адаптация: Наследуемая черта, повышающая выживаемость или репродуктивный успех в определённых условиях
акклиматизация: Индивидуальная адаптация к изменённым условиям в течение жизни

B.4.2 · Экологические ниши

The resource use, conditions and interactions associated with an organism’s role.
Separate a habitat observation from a causal claim about a niche boundary. Absence from a site can reflect dispersal, detection, abiotic conditions or interactions. Resource partitioning can reduce overlap, but an observational difference alone does not prove that competition caused it. Compare alternative explanations and the timescale of evidence.
Use permitted field observations or an attributed dataset. Record species identification confidence, resource category, time, abiotic conditions and sampling effort. Repeat observations at several locations rather than choosing only patches that fit the hypothesis. Non-destructive comparisons or approved models should be used instead of removing native species or introducing competitors.

экологическая ниша: Использование ресурсов, условия и взаимодействия, связанные с ролью организма
разделение ресурсов: Различия в использовании ресурсов, которые могут снизить перекрывание среди организмов

C.1.1 · Ферменты и метаболизм

A biological catalyst.
Measure rate using product formed per unit time or a fixed endpoint. For an endpoint test, 1/time is a rate proxy if the same amount of product or substrate change defines the endpoint each time.
For starch digestion, equilibrate enzyme and starch in a water bath, control pH with buffer, mix measured volumes, and test samples with iodine at fixed intervals. Use a clean spot for each test. Do not put iodine into the reaction mixture.

фермент: Биологический катализатор
денатурация: Структурное изменение, нарушающее функцию

C.1.2 · Клеточное дыхание

Cell reactions that transfer energy from substrates.
Anaerobic processes allow ATP production when oxygen supply cannot support the required aerobic rate, but give less ATP per glucose. In humans lactate can accumulate; yeast can produce ethanol and carbon dioxide.
A respirometer can measure oxygen uptake when carbon dioxide is absorbed. Control temperature with a water bath and use a comparison containing inert material. Keep absorbent separated from organisms and follow the school risk assessment.

дыхание: Клеточные реакции, при которых энергия переносится от субстратов.
АТФ: Молекула, осуществляющая передачу энергии в клетке.

C.1.3 · Фотосинтез

A factor whose shortage restricts rate.
Change only one factor when testing a limiting factor. At low light, extra light may increase rate. At a plateau, the changed factor is no longer the main limit in that range; the graph alone does not identify which other factor is limiting.
Measure collected gas volume over a fixed time instead of assuming all bubbles have the same volume. Control temperature, plant size and carbon dioxide supply. Allow the plant to adjust before each reading and repeat.

лимитирующий фактор: Фактор, недостаток которого ограничивает скорость процесса.
фотосинтез: Синтез углеводов под действием света.

C.2.2 · Нейронная сигнализация

A brief propagating change in membrane potential.
The all-or-none principle applies to an individual action potential. Stimulus information can be encoded by frequency and recruitment. Myelination permits saltatory conduction between nodes rather than making ions move freely through myelin.
Interpret supplied voltage-time traces and compare time intervals. Identify threshold, rising phase and recovery before explaining ions. Use classroom models rather than electrical stimulation of people.

потенциал действия: Кратковременное распространяющееся изменение потенциала мембраны
синапс: Контакт для межклеточной коммуникации

C.3.1 · Интеграция систем организма

Maintenance of suitable internal conditions.
When blood glucose is high, insulin helps increase glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. When it is low, glucagon supports release of glucose from stores. These responses are coordinated, not identical effects of two hormones.
Interpret a time graph by identifying the initial disturbance, the response and the return toward the normal range. Mark the delay before a response. Do not assume a graph shows an instantaneous correction.

гомеостазу: Поддержание оптимальных внутренних условий.
отрицательная обратная связь: Реакция, противодействующая первоначальному изменению.

C.3.2 · Защита от болезней

An agent that causes disease.
After vaccination, memory cells can support a faster secondary response. Antibiotic resistance arises through heritable variation and selection; an individual bacterium does not choose to become resistant because it needs to survive.
Use published infection data to compare rates per equal population size. Distinguish prevalence at a time from new cases over a period. In school, use safe simulations or approved cultures rather than collecting unknown pathogens.

только хозяина: Агент, вызывающий заболевание
антиген: Структура, распознаваемая специфическим иммунным ответом

C.4.1 · Популяции и сообщества

A defined area used for sampling.
Estimate total abundance by multiplying mean density by area, with consistent units. This assumes sampled areas represent the habitat. Patchiness and too few samples widen uncertainty.
Choose coordinates with random numbers before visiting the patches. Record quadrat area and counting rules. For a transect, use fixed distances and measure a relevant abiotic variable. Do not damage habitats or sample unsafe locations.

квадрат (метод квадратов): Определенная область, используемая для отбора проб.
населением: Организмы одного вида в определенной области.

C.4.2 · Перенос энергии и вещества

Production at one trophic level divided by production at the preceding level over a common interval.
Use the same energy units and period in numerator and denominator. Distinguish ingestion, assimilation and production: consumed energy is not all assimilated, and assimilated energy is not all stored as new biomass. An energy pyramid records a flow per area per time; a standing biomass snapshot is a different quantity.
Analyse attributed or fictional ecosystem budget data. Draw a boundary and arrows for feeding, detritus and heat transfer. Identify which values are measured and which inferred, and check whether the budget includes decomposers. Avoid treating a fixed 10% rule as a universal measurement for every ecosystem.

эффективность трофического переноса: Продукция на одном трофическом уровне, делённая на продукцию предшествующего уровня за общий интервал времени
ассимиляция: Поглощение переваренного вещества во внутренний доступный пул организма

D.1.1 · Репликация ДНК

DNA copying in which each daughter double helix retains one parental strand.
Complementary bases support copying of the template sequence. Distinguish DNA copying from transcription into RNA and from separation of chromosomes in cell division. The labelled-strand prediction assumes complete replication rounds and no exchange or degradation of the original material. Detailed fork direction and fragment mechanisms remain in the separate HL preparation case pending guide review.
Use labelled strand models or an attributed experimental diagram. Mark old and new material with both labels and colours so the meaning survives monochrome viewing. Track successive rounds using a stated starting population and assumptions. A classroom model illustrates predictions; it is not direct evidence about enzyme activity or a substitute for experimental results.

полуконсервативная репликация: Копирование ДНК, при котором каждая дочерняя двойная спираль сохраняет одну родительскую цепь
ДНК-полимеразе: Фермент, синтезирующий ДНК по матрице

D.1.2 · Синтез белков

Formation of RNA using a DNA template.
A codon comprises three bases. The genetic code is degenerate: more than one codon can specify the same amino acid. A substitution can therefore be silent, while insertions or deletions can shift the reading frame.
Keep DNA template, coding DNA and mRNA distinct. State the strand used and write sequences in the required direction. Use a codon table for mRNA, not an unexplained DNA triplet.

транскрипция: Образование РНК на матрице ДНК
трансляция: Образование полипептида по последовательности мРНК

D.1.3 · Мутации и редактирование генов

Formation of RNA using a DNA template.
A codon comprises three bases. The genetic code is degenerate: more than one codon can specify the same amino acid. A substitution can therefore be silent, while insertions or deletions can shift the reading frame.
Keep DNA template, coding DNA and mRNA distinct. State the strand used and write sequences in the required direction. Use a codon table for mRNA, not an unexplained DNA triplet.

транскрипция: Образование РНК на матрице ДНК
трансляция: Образование полипептида по последовательности мРНК

D.2.1 · Деление клетки и ядра

Fraction of scored cells undergoing mitosis.
Count chromosomes by centromeres under the stated convention. DNA amount and chromosome number are different quantities. Crossing over and independent assortment contribute to meiotic variation.
Use a prepared root-tip slide or a labelled image. Define a counting rule and field selection before counting. Distinguish dividing cells from damaged or ambiguous cells and report exclusions.

митотический индекс: Доля подсчитанных клеток, находящихся в митозе
хроматида: Одна копия реплицированного хромосомы до разделения

D.2.3 · Водный потенциал

A measure used to compare the tendency of water to move between systems.
A zero mass change suggests no net transfer over the measured interval under the experimental conditions. It does not imply that every individual cell has the same potential or that molecular exchange stops. Compare percentage change when initial sample masses differ.
Use repeated equal-sized plant samples in teacher-approved solutions. Keep tissue source, temperature, volume and time consistent; blot consistently before weighing. Record initial/final mass and plot percentage change against solution concentration, retaining variation and the uncertainty of any interpolated zero-change point.

водный потенциал: Мера, используемая для сравнения тенденции воды к перемещению между системами
тургор: Давление содержимого растительной клетки на клеточную стенку

D.3.1 · Воспроизведение

Having one chromosome set in the stated life cycle.
Distinguish homologous chromosomes from sister chromatids, and chromosome number from DNA quantity. Replication before meiosis copies DNA without doubling the number of chromosome sets. Crossing over and independent assortment contribute to genetic variation, while random fertilization further changes combinations. These processes do not make every offspring genetically distinct under every conceivable condition.
Use a labelled model organism with a stated chromosome number. Track chromosome sets through replication, meiosis I, meiosis II and fertilization. Use anonymous model data rather than personal family or reproductive-health information. Compare organism life cycles carefully; flowering-plant and animal reproductive structures require their own additional teaching.

гаплоидные: Имение одного набора хромосом в указанном жизненном цикле
оплодотворением: Слияние ядер гамет для образования зиготы

D.3.2 · Наследование

A variant of a gene.
In a simple monohybrid cross Aa × Aa, gametes carry A or a. Combining independent gametes gives AA, Aa, Aa and aa. The predicted probabilities describe many possible fertilizations, not a fixed order of children.
Write parental genotypes and gametes before making the grid. State the inheritance model and phenotype key. Use a pedigree to check consistency with a model; do not infer certainty from a small family alone.

аллель: Вариант гена.
генотип: Алели, которые несет организм.

D.3.3 · Гомеостаз

Maintenance of suitable internal conditions.
When blood glucose is high, insulin helps increase glucose uptake and storage as glycogen. When it is low, glucagon supports release of glucose from stores. These responses are coordinated, not identical effects of two hormones.
Interpret a time graph by identifying the initial disturbance, the response and the return toward the normal range. Mark the delay before a response. Do not assume a graph shows an instantaneous correction.

гомеостазу: Поддержание оптимальных внутренних условий.
отрицательная обратная связь: Реакция, противодействующая первоначальному изменению.

D.4.1 · Естественный отбор

A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context.
Explain both a benefit and a cost. Reducing stomatal opening conserves water but can limit carbon dioxide entry. A feature cannot be judged as universally best without its ecological context.
Compare replicated observations across a measured environmental gradient. Account for relatedness, leaf area and age. Use local permitted plant observations rather than removing protected species.

адаптация: Наследуемая черта, повышающая выживаемость или репродуктивный успех в определённых условиях
акклиматизация: Индивидуальная адаптация к изменённым условиям в течение жизни

D.4.2 · Устойчивость и изменения

A defined area used for sampling.
Estimate total abundance by multiplying mean density by area, with consistent units. This assumes sampled areas represent the habitat. Patchiness and too few samples widen uncertainty.
Choose coordinates with random numbers before visiting the patches. Record quadrat area and counting rules. For a transect, use fixed distances and measure a relevant abiotic variable. Do not damage habitats or sample unsafe locations.

квадрат (метод квадратов): Определенная область, используемая для отбора проб.
населением: Организмы одного вида в определенной области.

D.4.3 · Изменение климата

Actions addressing causes of environmental change.
Distinguish mitigation, which addresses drivers, from adaptation, which reduces harm from impacts. A policy assessment needs evidence about effectiveness, cost, equity and uncertainty; one criterion is not the entire decision.
Compare multi-year data using consistent baselines. State the region, timescale and uncertainty. At HL, connect a management decision to law, economics and ethics rather than treating these lenses as extra definitions only.

устранение: Меры, направленные на устранение причин изменения окружающей среды
адаптация: Меры, снижающие вред от воздействия на окружающую среду

Practical · Экспериментальная программа

A quantified limitation on a measured result.
For a product or quotient, adding fractional uncertainties is a common maximum-uncertainty approximation. For a difference, add absolute uncertainties. A nonzero intercept can reveal an offset or an incomplete model.
Show units on axes and choose a sensible scale. Plot uncertainty bars where justified, draw a best-fit line rather than joining every point, and estimate steepest and shallowest plausible gradients when the course method calls for them.

неопределенность: Количественное ограничение измеренного результата
систематическая ошибка: Систематическая ошибка измерения

Подготовка к этой квалификационной программе

Unity/diversity, form/function, interaction/interdependence and continuity/change organize the course; there are no old option topics.
SL excludes origins of cells, viruses, classification/cladistics, muscle/motility, chemical signalling and gene expression as HL-only topics; mixed topics also have AHL details needing the guide.
Paper 1: 1A MCQ and 1B data; Paper 2: short/extended responses. SL durations 1.5/1.5 h; HL 2/2.5 h; weights 36%/44%. Scientific investigation 20%, maximum 3,000 words.
Practical work 20 h, collaborative sciences project 10 h and individual scientific investigation 10 h.

Требуются дополнительные учебные материалы

Full statement-level SL content for this topic awaits the full 2025 Biology guide; listed cases teach only their stated focus.
Individual investigation and collaborative sciences project are school-supervised; full practical-skills guide remains needed.

Спецификации и образцы документов

Biology — Subject brief · 2025 ↗
First assessment: 2025

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