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Avaliar um argumento sem exageros
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A useful situation
- Your goal: Separate a necessary condition, evidence, and conclusion.
- Before you start, recall necessary-condition expressions and qualified claims. A condition may be required without being enough by itself; an association between two measures does not alone establish a causal effect.
只有通过审核，才能参加；通过后还要登记。Approval is required to join, and registration is still required afterwards. Which conclusion follows?
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只有…才 states a necessary condition, and the second clause adds registration. Meeting one requirement does not erase the other. The text does not say these conditions are the only possible requirements.
Words you will use
- necessary必要 bìyào — necessary. 这是requirement必要条件。
- sufficient充分 chōngfèn — sufficient. evidence证据not不sufficient充分。
- review / approval process审核 shěnhé — review / approval process. to apply for sth申请to need需要review / approval process审核。
- related / correlated相关 xiāngguān — related / correlated. both sides两者related / correlated相关。
- infer推断 tuīduàn — infer. cannot不能direct (opposite: indirect…直接infer推断。
Match each word with its meaning in this unit.
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Use the example sentences to check each word’s meaning in context.
Build the meaning
- only have ...只有……only then / not until才…… commonly states a necessary condition. only have ...只有to pass through通过review / approval process审核，talent才能to participate参加 does not say approval alone guarantees participation.
- An argument can contain correlation without establishing causation. Preserve the strength of verbs such as maybe / possible可能, to make clear表明, and proof证明.
Work through a decision: A fictional report says to participate参加to read阅读to exercise活动(modifier / structural particle)的student学生比未participant参加者借书many多，but但they他们to participate参加front前then / just就更常去library图书馆 — participants borrowed more books, but they already visited the library more often before joining. Separate the observed association from a claim that the activity caused the difference. Earlier habits offer another possible explanation; this comparison alone does not isolate an activity effect.
Compare a plausible mistake: maybe / possible可能 indicates possibility; definitely一定 expresses much greater certainty in these claims. related / correlated相关 reports an association, while to lead to导致 asserts a causal relation. A summary that replaces the former with the latter strengthens the source. Name the extra evidence such a stronger conclusion would need instead of silently making the substitution.
Do not replace maybe / possible可能 with definitely一定 or related / correlated相关 with to lead to导致 when summarising. Those changes strengthen the claim beyond the source.
Complete the necessary-condition pattern: 只有通过审核，____能参加。
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只有……才 encodes the required condition.
只有预约成功，才能进入阅览室；到场后仍需出示证件。Successful booking is required to enter the reading room; on arrival identification is still required. First separate the named requirements. What does booking success establish?
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The booking condition is necessary in this notice, but the second clause retains identification. Booking does not prove physical entry or cancel another requirement.
Listen for a fresh detail
- Listen before revealing the script.
- Replay as often as you need. If the audio will not play, read the script instead.
Show the listening script and meaning
to pass through通过review / approval process审核merely只是报名条件one of (sth)之一。申请者still / also还to have to必须at / in在Friday周五front前to register (one's name)登记，otherwise否则cannot不能to participate参加。
Approval is only one condition. Applicants must also register before Friday, otherwise they cannot join.
Does approval alone guarantee participation?
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还必须……登记 adds a further requirement.
Read a different account
only have ...只有to pass through通过review / approval process审核，申请者talent才能to participate参加item项目，but但to pass through通过review / approval process审核back后still仍to require需to complete完成to register (one's name)登记。to inform报告still / also还to notice发现，participant参加者(modifier / structural particle)的to read阅读(concept of) time时间and / with与achievement成绩related / correlated相关。however然而，participant参加者maybe / possible可能originally原本then / just就more更to wish愿意to learn学习，therefore因此cannot不能仅凭这一outcome结果to conclude断定item项目to lead to导致(completed / change)了achievement成绩to raise提高。
- The reading and listening have different details. Use the material for the question you are answering.
- Read once for the situation, then again for the relevant detail. Reveal help when needed.
Show the reading meaning
Approval is necessary to join, but registration is also required. Reading time correlates with results, yet participants may already be motivated. This evidence alone cannot establish that the programme caused improvement.
Why is the causal conclusion uncertain?
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The report supplies motivation as an alternative explanation.
Read this fictional report: 参加者比未参加者借书更多，但他们参加前就更常去图书馆，研究没有控制这一差异。借书 means borrow books and 控制差异 control for a difference. Which conclusion matches the evidence and its limits?
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The uncontrolled earlier habit is an alternative explanation for the observed difference. This limits causal attribution; it does not prove either a universal benefit or a permanently zero effect. Preserve both the observation and its limitation.
Speak, write, and review
- Explain the application requirements to a partner. Then discuss why the reported correlation does not settle causation.
- Record yourself or practise with a partner. Try it without the model first, then compare the meaning and word order.
review / approval process审核to be / is是requirement必要条件，but但还要to register (one's name)登记。to read阅读(concept of) time时间and / with与achievement成绩related / correlated相关，not不to equal等于item项目definitely一定to bring about造成achievement成绩to raise提高。
- Write a paragraph explaining what the evidence supports and what remains uncertain.
- Tomorrow, recall a necessary condition and explain why it may be insufficient. Later, summarise a fictional association while preserving an alternative explanation. Say what the existing evidence does and does not rule out.
- Words: necessary必要 necessary · sufficient充分 sufficient · review / approval process审核 review / approval process · related / correlated相关 related / correlated · infer推断 infer
- only have ...只有……only then / not until才…… commonly states a necessary condition.
- An argument can contain correlation without establishing causation.
- Watch for: Do not replace maybe / possible可能 with definitely一定 or related / correlated相关 with to lead to导致 when summarising. Those changes strengthen the claim beyond the source.
Practise this unit’s words and skills · Choose the next guided unit
Write a paragraph explaining what the evidence supports and what remains uncertain.
Compare the meaning and structure with the checklist. Your own response may differ from the model.
Use Mandarin for your written or spoken response. Create a clearly fictional short argument about a programme. State a necessary participation condition and another requirement. Then describe an observed association, a possible alternative explanation and a qualified conclusion. Explain what additional evidence could address the uncertainty.
If one requirement became sufficient, restore the other named requirement. If 可能 became certainty or correlation became causation, weaken the summary to the source’s actual strength. Do not present invented data as a real study.