| fibrin/ˈfɪbrɪn/ |
The insoluble protein mesh that traps cells to form a blood clot. |
| fibrinogen/ˈfɪbrɪnədʒn/ |
The soluble blood protein converted to fibrin during clotting. |
| fluid mosaic model/ˈfluːɪd məˈseɪɪk ˈmɒdl/ |
The model of the cell membrane as a fluid phospholipid bilayer with proteins scattered through it like tiles. |
| frameshift/ˈfreɪmʃɪft/ |
A change in how codons are grouped after insertion or deletion of a nucleotide number that is not a multiple of three in a coding sequence. |
| Genetic screening/dʒɪˈnetɪk ˈskriːnɪŋ/ |
Testing for genetic variants or chromosome changes that may indicate a condition, carrier status or increased risk. |
| glycogen/ˈɡlaɪkədʒn/ |
A highly branched glucose polysaccharide used for energy storage in animals and fungi. |
| glycosidic bond/ˌɡlaɪkəˈsɪdɪk bɒnd/ |
A covalent linkage joining a sugar to another group, including the links between sugar units in carbohydrates. |
| hydrogen bonds/ˈhaɪdrədʒn bɒndz/ |
An attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and a suitable electronegative atom with a lone pair. |
| Hydrolysis/haɪˈdrɒləsɪs/ |
Breaking chemical bonds by reaction with water. |
| induced-fit |
A model in which substrate binding changes an enzyme's active-site shape to favour the reaction. |
| insertion/ɪnˈsɜːʃn/ |
A mutation in which one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA sequence. |
| mass transport |
Bulk movement of substances over distances, as in blood circulation or transport through plant vessels. |
| mononucleotide |
A pentose (deoxyribose or ribose), a phosphate and a nitrogenous base. |
| mRNA |
Messenger RNA: an RNA copy carrying genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis. |
| Mutations/mjuːˈteɪʃnz/ |
A change in genetic material, such as a DNA sequence or chromosome structure. |
| non-competitive inhibitors |
A molecule that binds away from the active site and changes its shape; extra substrate cannot overcome it. |
| non-overlapping |
Describing a genetic code in which each nucleotide belongs to only one codon in a reading frame. |
| Osmosis/ɒzˈməʊsɪs/ |
Water moving from higher to lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane. Endocytosis and exocytosis move bulk material in vesicles. |
| peptide bond/ˈpeptaɪd bɒnd/ |
A covalent bond joining amino acids, formed between an amino group and a carboxyl group with water removed. |
| phosphodiester bonds |
A covalent linkage through a phosphate group joining adjacent sugars in a nucleic-acid strand. |
| plaque |
A fatty deposit within an artery wall that may narrow its lumen and contribute to cardiovascular disease. |
| polar solvent |
A solvent whose molecules have an uneven charge distribution, allowing interactions with ions and other polar substances. |
| primary structure/ˈpraɪməri ˈstrʌktʃə/ |
The sequence of amino acids in a protein chain. |
| prothrombin |
An inactive plasma protein converted into thrombin during blood clotting. |
| quaternary/kwəˈtɜːnəri/ |
The level of protein structure describing how two or more polypeptide subunits associate. |
| ribosome/ˈriːbəʊsəʊm/ |
A cellular structure that joins amino acids into a polypeptide using information from messenger RNA. |
| risk factors/rɪsk ˈfæktəz/ |
A characteristic, exposure or behaviour associated with a higher chance of disease; a risk factor is not a guarantee that disease will occur. |
| Saturated/ˈsætʃəreɪtɪd/ |
Describing a fatty acid with no carbon–carbon double bonds. |
| secondary/ˈsekəndəri/ |
Local folding of a polypeptide into structures such as alpha-helices and beta-sheets, stabilised by hydrogen bonds. |
| semi-conservative/ˈsemi kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ |
Describing DNA replication in which each resulting double-stranded molecule contains one original strand and one newly synthesised strand. |
| Statins/ˈstætɪnz/ |
Medicines that inhibit an enzyme involved in cholesterol synthesis and can lower blood LDL cholesterol. |
| substitution/ˌsʌbstɪˈtjuːʃn/ |
A mutation in which one nucleotide or base pair is replaced by another. |
| tertiary/ˈtɜːʃjəri/ |
The overall three-dimensional folding of one polypeptide chain, maintained by interactions between its side chains. |
| thrombin |
An enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin during clotting. |
| thromboplastin |
A term used for tissue-factor-containing material that helps initiate the blood-clotting cascade. |
| triglyceride/ˈtrɪɡlɪsəraɪd/ |
A lipid formed from glycerol joined to three fatty acids by ester bonds. |