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Matching and completion — finding a paragraph’s main contribution
IntroducedYour saved position stays in this browser. Resuming does not complete the lesson or answer its questions.
The first sentence can describe a problem rather than the main result
- Outcome: choose a heading for the whole contribution and justify it against a plausible detail-based alternative. Start with Reading orientation if you need the task overview. Original paragraph A: “The archive’s index was hard to search. Staff added place-name tags and a report button. Searches became faster, although some spellings still needed review.” Improving access while keeping an accuracy check fits the whole contribution; The history of every spelling error overstates one limitation.
- The opening introduces a problem; the middle supplies a response; the ending supplies result and limit. Read across those parts before choosing a heading. The first noun in a paragraph has not been elected its spokesperson.
A heading and a paragraph share the word 'pollution'. What does that tell you?
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A shared word does not establish the main idea. Read the paragraph, distinguish its main claim from an example, and compare that claim with the heading.
A specific-detail question may need another paragraph
- Original paragraph B: “Visitors can suggest a corrected place name through the report button. Lea reviews the suggestion against the photographed page before changing a tag. Unclear cases remain marked for review.” A question about who checks suggestions needs Lea, not paragraph A’s general account of faster searches.
- Matching information searches for a specific detail across paragraphs and need not follow their order. Use a paragraph more than once only when instructed. Heading matches concern main ideas; each heading is used at most once in the official task.
Which task asks you to locate specific information across paragraphs, without assuming the answers follow passage order?
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Matching information does not require passage order. Reuse a paragraph only if the instructions allow it. Other tasks, including summary completion, can also be out of order.
In official matching-headings tasks, the same heading may be used more than once.
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Each heading is used at most once. Other matching tasks may permit reuse when instructed.
Keep a view attached to its speaker and status
- Original exchange: “Lea recommends checking each suggestion against the image. Omar agrees that speed helps, but wants uncertain names marked rather than guessed.” A question about marking uncertain names points to Omar’s proposal, not simply the closest printed name. Practise this relationship in matching features.
- Names can be useful search anchors, but finding one does not establish the attribution. Read reporting verbs, pronouns and surrounding sentences. For matching features, check whether instructions permit reuse of a person or option. For more practice locating details across paragraphs, use matching information.
In the original exchange, who proposes marking uncertain names rather than guessing?
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Omar proposes flagging uncertainty; Lea recommends checking against images.
Grammar narrows a gap without deciding the word
- Under ONE WORD ONLY FROM THE PASSAGE, “Lea checks each suggestion against the photographed ____” takes page from paragraph B. “The samples were ____ by the technician” suggests a past participle, but the passage must supply which action occurred. Continue with sentence completion for typed-answer practice, or summary, note, table and flow-chart completion for preserving a structured relationship.
- Completion tasks may supply an option list instead of requiring passage words. Use the requested source and exact word limit; an invented synonym is not safer. For sentence endings, a grammatically possible continuation still needs the passage’s meaning. Practise that distinction in matching sentence endings.
'The samples were ______ by the technician before the trial.' What verb form is needed?
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In this passive construction, 'were' and 'by the technician' require a past participle, such as stored or labelled. The passage still decides which verb is correct.
In summary completion it is safer to use your own synonym than the passage's word.
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Read the instruction: copy from the passage when it says to do so, or choose from the given list when one is supplied. An invented synonym is neither.
Paragraph B: “Lea checks each suggestion against the photographed ____.” ONE WORD ONLY FROM THE PASSAGE.
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Page is the exact noun in paragraph B. Image is a related synonym in the separate exchange but is not the requested passage word.
Choose a final check from the evidence still available
- If five minutes remain, a marked question with a known evidence location may be a useful first return. A question needing several sentences may also be worth resolving; this is a time-management option, not a fixed ranking of question types.
- Enter a reasoned response for remaining items if time permits, then check numbering and instructions. Reading’s sixty minutes includes answering; there is no extra transfer period. A guess can gain a mark, but does not guarantee one.
Put these final checks in a useful order.
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This is a suggested checking order. Evidence location and remaining time guide the choice; a response may gain a mark but does not guarantee one.
Change the demand before repeating the method
- A heading for A summarises improved access with a remaining check; “who reviews a suggestion?” uses B’s Lea; “who proposes flagging uncertain names?” uses Omar in the exchange. The same topic can require different evidence and response forms.
- Recap: main idea for headings, specific detail for information, attribution for features, source and grammar for completion. Rules checked on 19 October 2026: official IELTS Academic Reading guide. All passages and exchanges here are original practice.
Open the archive contribution map at full size
- Search anchors locate a place to read; they do not settle the main idea, attribution or answer limit on their own.
Match the distinctions in this worked case.
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The first sentence sets a problem; the next two describe a response and its result. The limitation matters but does not turn the whole paragraph into a catalogue of errors.
Which heading best fits the archive paragraph?
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Original paragraph: “The archive’s index was hard to search. Staff added place-name tags and a report button. Searches became faster, although some spellings still needed review.” A heading about improving access fits better than one only about spelling errors. The first sentence sets a problem; the next two describe a response and its result. The limitation matters but does not turn the whole paragraph into a catalogue of errors.
Three worked contrasts: follow the paragraph’s job
- Archive case: the problem, new tags and faster searches support Improving access while keeping an accuracy check. The history of every spelling error turns one limit into the subject of the whole paragraph. New original case: “The nursery moved plants into deeper pots. Roots grew further, but the pots took more shelf space. Staff compared the extra growth with the reduced number of pots they could display.” A change weighed against its cost joins all three sentences; How to maximise shelf capacity mistakes one cost for the goal.
- New original case: “A researcher assumed that the tunnel carried water. Its steep floor seemed to support this idea. Newly found door hinges and repeated floor repairs instead suggested a passage for workers, although its destination remains unknown.” Evidence revising an explanation preserves the change and uncertainty. The confirmed destination of a water tunnel keeps the rejected idea and invents certainty. An opening or final sentence can help, but neither has an automatic right to decide the heading. A keyword is a signpost, not a tiny answer key wearing a hat.
Guided headings: connect the parts before comparing labels
- Read each original paragraph, say what it contributes in a short phrase, then compare all four headings. The ten guided tasks provide a reading cue. Look for a contrast, change, process, condition or comparison only where the paragraph actually supplies one; not every paragraph follows problem–solution form.
- Check coverage and strength: does a candidate explain the paragraph’s main thread, or only a striking example? Does it turn a possibility into certainty, a proposal into a decision or one local condition into a universal rule? A heading can paraphrase without sharing the paragraph’s most noticeable word.
Original paragraph: A town installed signs to help visitors find its riverside path. Many visitors still missed the entrance because delivery vans hid the lowest sign. Staff moved that sign above the loading area; the other signs stayed where they were.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Compare the problem with the scale of the response.
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The response changes one sign within an existing scheme. The vans explain the problem, but a heading about their obstruction alone omits the targeted improvement; neither a van ban nor a tourism history is supplied.
Original paragraph: A curator expected the oldest photographs to attract the most comments. In a small trial, visitors instead discussed ordinary street scenes they recognised. She therefore grouped the exhibition by familiar locations rather than by the age of each image.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Track expectation, result and revised action.
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The paragraph follows expectation, audience response and revised grouping. Photograph age is the initial organising idea, not the final main thread. Neither older-image popularity nor disappearance is established.
Original paragraph: One team maps a wetland with aerial images, covering the whole area quickly but missing plants hidden under trees. Another walks selected strips, recording those plants in detail but leaving large areas unsampled. The researchers combine the two records.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: What does each method contribute?
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The two methods provide complementary coverage and detail. Hidden plants are one method’s contribution, not the whole comparison. The passage supports neither replacement of all fieldwork nor identical plant distribution.
Original paragraph: The new seed store uses opaque jars to block light. Each jar has a dry seal to keep moisture out, and a label on its base records the collection date. These features protect the contents while keeping the records available.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Join the functions of the different features.
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Dates are one feature; light and moisture protection also matter. The main contribution joins preservation with records. Water-free growth and removing labels are not proposed.
Original paragraph: A local historian quotes a traveller who called the harbour empty. She then compares this account with a shipping register listing dozens of arrivals that week. The traveller may have visited on a quiet afternoon, she suggests, so the account should not represent the whole week.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Separate the quoted claim from the historian’s response.
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The quiet visit is a suggested explanation for a limited account, not an established history of the visit. The historian uses another source to qualify a broad impression, without accusing every traveller or claiming closure.
Original paragraph: A bicycle library lends tools as well as bicycles. The tools can be borrowed without a bicycle loan, but users must complete a short safety introduction first. This arrangement extends access while retaining a basic condition for use.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Keep the access condition attached to this service.
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Adding tools is the setting, but the paragraph chiefly explains how access works under a safety condition. It does not end bicycle loans or impose training on every town service.
Original paragraph: Several ponds were connected by narrow channels. After heavy rain, water left the upper ponds through these channels and entered a larger basin below. From there it passed slowly into the river. The system reduced sudden flows from the hillside.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Ask why the stages are described.
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Channels are a component, while the route through ponds and a basin explains the system’s flow-moderating function. Neither fish nor a spring is discussed.
Original paragraph: For years, researchers described the cave marks as animal tracks. Sharper scans revealed repeated straight edges and identical spacing that were difficult to explain as footsteps. The team now treats the marks as possible tool impressions, although the particular tool remains unknown.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Keep the change of view and its remaining limit.
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The geometric details are evidence supporting a changed interpretation, not the entire contribution. The particular tool is still unknown, and the paragraph is not a scanning guide.
Original paragraph: The museum’s audio tour was well used in its first month, but high use did not show which stops helped visitors. Staff added optional questions after selected stops and compared the answers with visitors’ comments. They wanted evidence about understanding rather than a download total alone.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: What does the new measure add to the old count?
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The questions are a new measurement tool: they help check understanding beyond downloads. A heading naming the tool alone misses why it was added. The tour is not abandoned and phone purchases are not advocated.
Original paragraph: Some gardeners want the shared plot divided into equal individual beds; others prefer pooled work and produce. Both groups agree on keeping the site open, but they have not agreed on how to allocate it. A meeting next month will compare the proposals.
Choose the best heading.
Reading cue: Distinguish a shared goal from an agreed method.
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The meeting is a next step after unresolved disagreement, not the main subject. Both groups support keeping the garden open but differ over allocation. A settled plan or closure would misrepresent that status.
Independent paragraphs: choose without the reading cue
- The next twenty paragraphs are fresh local practice. Each question includes all its context and four candidate headings. Commit before checking, then use the explanation to identify the specific phrase or relationship you missed. These are short focused decisions, not a full Reading paper, a band estimate or proof that every matching/completion family is covered.
- You can spread the lesson across sessions. If you return later, use its saved-position choice deliberately; later review should test a new paragraph rather than memorising an option number. For another task family after this sequence, continue to sentence completion and short answers.
Original paragraph: The old observatory log recorded cloudy nights as blank spaces. A later researcher first counted those blanks as nights without observations, then found a note explaining that staff had watched through short gaps in the cloud. The blanks therefore could not be used as a simple measure of inactivity.
Choose the best heading.
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The note overturns the inactivity inference. Cloudy nights are the setting, not the main contribution. The blanks do not prove no work, and observing through short gaps does not mean every cloudy night was fully observed.
Original paragraph: A neighbourhood bakery publishes the next day’s likely surplus each evening. Residents reserve portions before closing time, which helps the baker plan collections. The estimate sometimes changes, so each reservation is confirmed only after the final batch is counted.
Choose the best heading.
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The system runs from an estimate to reservation and final confirmation. The evening timing is one detail. Reservations do not guarantee the estimate, and confirmation comes after reservations rather than before them.
Original paragraph: Two woven fabrics held the same load in a dry room. After repeated dampening, one stretched while the other kept its shape. The researchers warned that dry-room strength alone was not enough to select a material for an outdoor canopy.
Choose the best heading.
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Dampening reveals a difference relevant to outdoor use. Dry-room equivalence does not establish outdoor suitability; the text neither calls both fabrics equally weak nor says no useful difference exists.
Original paragraph: The catalogue groups objects first by material and then by place of discovery. Coloured tabs mark the material groups, while a small map inside each section explains the place codes. Readers can therefore move from a broad category to a particular location without learning a long code list first.
Choose the best heading.
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The features make a broad-to-specific catalogue navigable. Place codes are only one component. Colour marks material, and the arrangement uses both material and place rather than location alone.
Original paragraph: The village’s first waterwheel powered a grain mill. When milling moved elsewhere, the wheel stood unused until a workshop connected it to a small generator. It now supplies lighting for that workshop rather than returning to its original role.
Choose the best heading.
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The wheel moves from milling to electricity generation. Its original milling role is background; it is not restored, and milling does not move back to produce the lighting.
Original paragraph: Researchers comparing nesting sites found more nests near the footpath than farther away. They also found that the trees beside the path were older and had more cavities. They cautioned that the pattern did not show a preference for passing people, because tree age might account for it.
Choose the best heading.
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Tree age and cavities offer an alternative explanation. The nest count is evidence being interpreted, not the whole contribution. A preference for people is not proved, and tree age is explicitly left as a possible cause.
Original paragraph: The festival offers a sign-language interpretation at its evening talk. Visitors must request it when booking so the organiser can arrange an interpreter; ordinary seating can still be booked later if available. The different deadlines reflect the preparation needed for the two arrangements.
Choose the best heading.
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The paragraph explains different deadlines through preparation needs. Ordinary seating is one contrast, not the complete contribution. The early request concerns interpretation, which cannot be arranged after any late request by the stated rule.
Original paragraph: To test a map, the design team asked new visitors to find three buildings. They noted where visitors stopped, then invited them to explain what had confused them. Only after collecting both kinds of evidence did the team change the symbols.
Choose the best heading.
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Observed pauses and visitors’ explanations jointly inform changed symbols. The buildings are test targets. The change follows testing; explanations supplement rather than replace observation.
Original paragraph: A new display lets visitors rotate a model bridge on screen. This reveals joints hidden in the fixed photograph beside it, but the photograph shows surface cracks that the simplified model leaves out. The curator keeps both views because they answer different questions.
Choose the best heading.
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The curator keeps both views for their different evidence. Rotation shows hidden joints, but that detail omits surface cracks. The model is incomplete, and the views do not provide identical information.
Original paragraph: The first volunteers recorded only the loudest frogs. A revised survey asks them to pause at fixed points and note quieter calls as well. Trainers play examples before each outing so volunteers recognise the calls that the earlier method often missed.
Choose the best heading.
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The survey is broadened to capture calls it missed. Training examples support that revision but are not the whole method. Loud calls are not excluded and the passage does not claim only quiet frogs remain.
Original paragraph: A report praised a new bus shelter for staying cool at midday. A later inspection showed that its open sides left waiting passengers exposed to wind-driven rain. Designers kept the roof but added screens on the two sides facing the usual storm direction.
Choose the best heading.
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The roof stays and screens address a different weather demand. Cooling alone is an incomplete heading. The shelter is not replaced, and protection on two sides does not prove weather can never affect passengers.
Original paragraph: At the repair café, broken items first go to a desk where volunteers check whether they can work on them safely. Accepted items then move to separate electrical or mechanical tables. Items outside the team’s skills are returned with suggestions for specialist help.
Choose the best heading.
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The process sorts by safety and skills and refers unsuitable items. The electrical table is one stage. Acceptance is not a promise that every repair succeeds, and referrals do not replace all local work.
Original paragraph: A researcher found that a familiar poem had circulated with several endings. Letters from readers showed that local performers adapted the last lines for different occasions. Rather than treating every difference as a copying mistake, she studied how performance shaped the versions.
Choose the best heading.
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The letters support understanding different endings as adaptations in use. Naming the differences alone omits this reinterpretation. They are not all treated as errors, nor is a single original recovered.
Original paragraph: An orchard trial used nets on some rows and left others uncovered. Bird damage fell under the nets, but workers took longer to pick the protected fruit. The grower therefore compared saved fruit with extra labour before deciding how many rows to cover next season.
Choose the best heading.
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The grower weighs saved fruit against picking time. Bird damage alone is only the benefit. The decision follows the labour comparison, and the nets reduce damage rather than leave it equal.
Original paragraph: A library once shelved all large books in a remote storeroom. Staff now keep frequently requested large books near the reading desks and leave rarely used ones in storage. This change improves access without requiring the main room to hold the entire collection.
Choose the best heading.
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Frequently requested books move while others stay stored. Storage is part of the arrangement but does not capture the access improvement. Neither moving every book nor discarding books is proposed.
Original paragraph: The island survey describes three beaches: one with broad sand flats, one with steep pebbles and one edged by reeds. It explains how these surfaces affect landing small boats at different tides. The description is intended to help crews choose a suitable landing point.
Choose the best heading.
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The different surfaces serve a practical choice under different tides. Reeds are one example. The decision is not based only on boat construction, and no point is declared suitable at every tide.
Original paragraph: Early accounts described the wall as a defensive barrier. Excavations found doorways too frequent for that explanation and storage areas attached to its inner face. Archaeologists now suggest it may have marked a trading boundary, while noting that some sections remain unexcavated.
Choose the best heading.
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Doorways and storage areas motivate a possible trading-boundary explanation. Doorways alone are supporting detail. Unexcavated sections and tentative wording prevent certainty; the early defensive account is challenged, not confirmed.
Original paragraph: The workshop offers both live demonstrations and recorded close-ups. The demonstration shows the rhythm of a whole process; the recording can be paused to inspect a small hand movement. Learners are encouraged to use each for the aspect it shows most clearly.
Choose the best heading.
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Each format shows a different aspect well. The close-up is one contribution. Neither format is best for everything, and the recording’s purpose implies that live viewing does not expose every small movement equally clearly.
Original paragraph: After the council installed brighter streetlights, residents reported feeling safer. The report records those views but gives no before-and-after incident figures. Its author distinguishes the reported feeling from a demonstrated fall in crime.
Choose the best heading.
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The author distinguishes feeling safer from evidence of less crime. Brightness is background. Favourable reports do not prove a fall, and no incident comparison establishes a rise either.
Original paragraph: A group proposed naming each walking route after a local bird. Another group preferred numbered routes because the same bird names had already been used for streets. The guidebook editor has asked both groups to test their labels with visitors before a decision is made.
Choose the best heading.
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The editor seeks user tests before choosing between proposals. Numbering is one candidate. Neither bird names nor a decision without visitor evidence has been adopted.
Transfer: share one heading list across a passage
- Read the three-paragraph weather-archive passage and assign one heading to each paragraph. There is one extra heading; use no heading twice within this task. The page repeats the passage for independent review, but it is one shared passage, not three new texts. Distinguish a new submission format, recovering old dates and presenting different views to users.
- In official matching-headings tasks, headings summarise main ideas, extra headings remain unused and a heading is not reused. Our focused questions use radio choices rather than reproducing the test interface. Matching information and features have different reuse instructions: read their own task directions rather than importing the headings rule.
Original passage — a community weather archive
A. The archive first accepted readings in any form. Volunteers struggled to compare sheets because some listed dates by day and month while others reversed the order. The coordinator introduced a common date template for future submissions, while keeping the original sheets.
B. To recover uncertain dates on older sheets, staff compared each with school calendars and neighbouring records. They labelled unresolved dates as uncertain instead of silently choosing one. These checks made some old records usable without hiding their limits.
C. The website shows a simplified rainfall graph for quick comparison. A separate download retains the individual readings, including uncertainty notes. General visitors can see a broad pattern, while researchers can inspect the records behind it.
Headings: i. Recovering old records while displaying uncertainty; ii. Different views for different users; iii. A common format for new contributions; iv. Proof that rainfall rose every year.
For this three-paragraph task, use each heading at most once. There is one extra heading. The complete passage is repeated so each question can be reviewed on its own.
Choose the heading for paragraph A.
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A describes inconsistent incoming dates and a new common template. It keeps the originals but does not describe the historical checks in B. The new-contribution scope distinguishes iii from i.
Original passage — a community weather archive
A. The archive first accepted readings in any form. Volunteers struggled to compare sheets because some listed dates by day and month while others reversed the order. The coordinator introduced a common date template for future submissions, while keeping the original sheets.
B. To recover uncertain dates on older sheets, staff compared each with school calendars and neighbouring records. They labelled unresolved dates as uncertain instead of silently choosing one. These checks made some old records usable without hiding their limits.
C. The website shows a simplified rainfall graph for quick comparison. A separate download retains the individual readings, including uncertainty notes. General visitors can see a broad pattern, while researchers can inspect the records behind it.
Headings: i. Recovering old records while displaying uncertainty; ii. Different views for different users; iii. A common format for new contributions; iv. Proof that rainfall rose every year.
For this three-paragraph task, use each heading at most once. There is one extra heading. The complete passage is repeated so each question can be reviewed on its own.
Choose the heading for paragraph B.
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B describes recovering uncertain older dates using other records and keeping uncertainty visible. This is i, not the future submission format in A. No rainfall trend is proved.
Original passage — a community weather archive
A. The archive first accepted readings in any form. Volunteers struggled to compare sheets because some listed dates by day and month while others reversed the order. The coordinator introduced a common date template for future submissions, while keeping the original sheets.
B. To recover uncertain dates on older sheets, staff compared each with school calendars and neighbouring records. They labelled unresolved dates as uncertain instead of silently choosing one. These checks made some old records usable without hiding their limits.
C. The website shows a simplified rainfall graph for quick comparison. A separate download retains the individual readings, including uncertainty notes. General visitors can see a broad pattern, while researchers can inspect the records behind it.
Headings: i. Recovering old records while displaying uncertainty; ii. Different views for different users; iii. A common format for new contributions; iv. Proof that rainfall rose every year.
For this three-paragraph task, use each heading at most once. There is one extra heading. The complete passage is repeated so each question can be reviewed on its own.
Choose the heading for paragraph C.
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C offers a simplified graph and detailed download for different users. That is ii. Neither a uniform submission format nor date recovery is its main contribution; iv is unsupported throughout.
Explain a heading and repair an overstatement
- Write a heading and a brief evidence-based explanation for the museum paragraph. Compare only after drafting, then revise one overclaim, missing link or detail-only heading. Other concise wording can work if it captures the same contribution; the model is a comparison, not a secret phrase to copy.
- The draft stays in this page; copy it before leaving. The checklist records self-review, not automated correctness, proficiency or an IELTS score. If the model reveals a gap, name the gap before trying another paragraph: scope, main contribution, attribution, condition or certainty.
Original paragraph: A coastal museum uses replicas that visitors may handle. The originals remain in sealed cases because repeated handling could damage them. Labels identify the replicas and explain which materials differ from the originals.
Write a heading and two sentences explaining why it fits better than “The disappearance of original objects”. Do not just repeat a noun. Draft before comparing the model, then revise your heading or explanation. Your draft stays in this page; copy it before leaving.
Compare meaning and evidence rather than identical model wording. Recording self-review is reflection, not automatic correctness or an IELTS score.
Later review: read new evidence before recalling a method
- After a break, try the two new review paragraphs without reopening the worked examples first. Explain aloud or in a note which part of the paragraph defeats the closest alternative. Correctly remembering a heading from an old paragraph is not the same as choosing one for unfamiliar material.
- For broader reading transfer, use inference and supported conclusions; for completion limits, use sentence completion and short answers. Format source checked 19 October 2026: official IELTS Reading guidance. All new passages and headings here are original teaching practice; no official, commercial or reserved assessment text is reproduced.
New original paragraph: A visitor survey found that people liked the new garden signs. Staff then watched visitors at two junctions and found that many still took the wrong path. They revised the signs after comparing the favourable comments with the observed difficulties.
Choose the best heading.
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Positive comments do not settle usability; observed difficulties lead to revision. Removing signs, relying only on approval and closing paths are not described.
New original paragraph: The catalogue’s first edition named one designer for the whole building. Later documents showed that another designer had planned its western wing. The new edition credits each person for the relevant part rather than replacing one name with the other.
Choose the best heading.
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The new edition allocates credit to the correct parts. It neither removes everyone nor denies the first designer’s role. Demolition is absent. Whole-building attribution is the overgeneralisation being repaired.