What makes something science
Introduced| English | Meaning |
|---|---|
| provisional/prəˈvɪʒənl/ | Accepted for now but open to revision when further evidence becomes available. |
| paradigm/ˈpærədaɪm/ | paradigm |
| paradigm shift/ˈpærədaɪm ʃɪft/ | paradigm shift |
| areas of science/ˈeərɪəz ɒv ˈsaɪəns/ | areas of science |
A prediction can fail a real check
- An invented toy car travels 6.0 m. A constant-speed model uses $2.0\ \dfrac{\text{m}}{\text{s}}$ and predicts $t=d/v=3.0\ \text{s}$. Three observed times are 4.1, 4.0 and 4.2 s.
- The difference gives a reason to check the model and measurements. It does not tell us by itself whether the car slowed, the timing was faulty, or both happened.
For the stated constant-speed car model, what time is predicted for 6.0 m at 2.0 m/s? Give seconds.
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t = d/v = 6.0/2.0 = 3.0 s.
Make the evidence checkable
- Record the distance, timing method, car and surface so another group can examine the comparison. A prediction states what should happen under specified conditions.
- Test a suspected cause: check the timer against a reference, then measure speed over parts of the track. These checks ask different questions; a new explanation needs evidence too.
Keep useful models within their scope
- Scientific ideas are provisional 暂定的: evidence can lead to revision. This does not mean every explanation is equally uncertain or that a well-tested result becomes just an opinion.
- If speed changes along the track, a constant-speed model may still describe a short interval where speed is nearly steady. State that narrower use instead of claiming the model works everywhere.
What does it mean that scientific ideas are provisional?
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A theory can be the best-supported explanation available and still be open to revision.
A model that misses the whole-track time can never be useful over a shorter nearly constant-speed interval.
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False: a model may remain useful under narrower stated conditions.
Separate a new measurement from a new framework
- A paradigm 范式 shapes a field's questions and explanations. A paradigm shift 范式转换 changes that framework substantially; one different car time is not automatically such a shift.
- Historical evidence often comes from several contributions. Keep the date attached to the observation, discovery or publication it describes, rather than substituting an award date.
Selected atomic developments: Thomson identified the electron in 1897; Geiger and Marsden obtained scattering measurements in 1909; Rutherford published his atomic-structure analysis in 1911; Chadwick established neutron evidence in 1932. These are selected events, not the full history. Sources checked 2 October 2026: Nobel timeline and electron discovery.
Why distinguish the supplied atomic-development dates from scientists’ prize dates?
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The timeline records electron identification in 1897, Rutherford’s analysis in 1911 and neutron evidence in 1932. Each year must stay attached to its actual event.
Order these selected atomic developments by their supplied dates.
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The dated sequence shows contributions over time. It is selected history, not proof that every newer explanation is automatically better.
Choose a method that fits the question
- Areas of science 科学门类 include physics, chemistry and biology. A plant-growth question may need biological observations, physical light measurements and chemical information about nutrients.
- Scientists use controlled experiments, observation and modelling where appropriate. The question and what can be observed or manipulated help determine the method; a field name does not establish a result.
In one sentence, explain why the different areas of science use different kinds of evidence.
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Example: “The question and what can safely be observed or manipulated determine which evidence a study can obtain.” Scientific fields use several methods and can overlap.
Write a conclusion that the record supports
- For this car, the recorded times exceed the 3.0 s prediction. Check timing and motion before deciding which explanation fits; this record does not establish every car or surface.
- Explain what evidence supports a model and where it applies. Publication, popularity or an award does not remove the need to examine the evidence.
Use the chain stated model → prediction → observation → check or revision. A mismatch is useful information, not permission to replace the readings with the expected answer.
Publication makes a scientific model unquestionable and immune to new evidence.
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Publication does not remove the need to test predictions, examine methods and reconsider scope. Explain the strength of the evidence rather than calling publication absolute proof.
The car takes about 4.1 s instead of the predicted 3.0 s. What follows from this record?
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The mismatch motivates checking both timing and the motion assumptions; it does not identify a cause alone.