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국제바칼로레이트 · IB Diploma · Global Politics · HL 주제 1 5:15 영어 내레이션 · 영어 + 중국어 자막 burned-in
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In 2021 a container ship got stuck across the Suez Canal for six days, and factories in Europe ran short of parts from Asia.
2021 年，一艘集装箱船横卡在苏伊士运河六天，欧洲工厂缺少来自亚洲的零部件。
No government chose this, and no army could fix it.
没有哪个政府选择了这件事，也没有哪支军队能迅速解决。
Four key concepts help analyse events like this: power, sovereignty, legitimacy and interdependence.
四个关键概念帮助我们分析这类事件：权力、主权、合法性和相互依存。
Paper 1 lasts one hour fifteen minutes and tests the core through source-based questions.
试卷一时长一小时十五分钟，通过材料题考查核心内容。
You read short sources and use them, with examples you have studied, to explain and evaluate.
你阅读简短材料，结合自己学过的例子进行解释和评价。
It is thirty per cent of the grade at standard level and twenty at higher level.
它在标准级占成绩的 30%，高级占 20%。
Power is the ability to make things happen and influence others, always in a particular relationship.
权力是促成事情、影响他人的能力，总是存在于特定关系之中。
Hard power forces or pays, like the coalition that expelled Iraq's army from Kuwait in 1991.
硬实力靠强制或收买，如 1991 年把伊拉克军队逐出科威特的联军。
Soft power attracts, like South Korean films and music.
软实力靠吸引，如韩国电影和音乐。
Smart power is a planned mix of the two.
巧实力是两者的有计划结合。
Power can be hard to see.
权力可能不易察觉。
The first face is the power to win a decision. The second is the power to decide which questions are discussed at all. The third is the power to shape what people want, so that some ideas are never questioned.
第一个维度是赢得决策的权力；第二个是决定哪些问题能被讨论的权力；第三个是塑造人们想要什么的权力，使某些观念从不被质疑。
The deeper the face, the harder it is to see and resist.
维度越深，越难察觉和抵抗。
Sovereignty is supreme authority over a territory and its people, an idea often traced to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648: each ruler controls their own territory.
主权是对一片领土及其人民的最高权威，这一观念常追溯到 1648 年的威斯特伐利亚和约：每个统治者控制自己的领土。
Internal sovereignty means the state makes and enforces the law at home. External sovereignty means other states recognise it.
对内主权指国家在境内制定和执行法律；对外主权指它得到其他国家承认。
In practice sovereignty is challenged from three directions.
现实中主权受到三个方向的挑战。
From above: organisations and treaties, such as WTO trade rules, limit what states can do.
来自上方：国际组织和条约，如世贸组织规则，限制国家的行为。
From below: separatists or armed groups claim authority.
来自下方：分离主义者或武装团体主张权威。
And from within: the state cannot govern, as in Somalia after 1991.
来自内部：国家无力治理，如 1991 年后的索马里。
States often give up some sovereignty by choice, because cooperation brings benefits: trade, security, or a voice in decisions.
国家常常自愿让渡部分主权，因为合作带来好处：贸易、安全或决策中的发言权。
EU members, for example, share decisions on trade, and many share a single currency.
例如，欧盟成员国共同决定贸易事务，许多还使用同一种货币。
Legitimacy is the belief that a government has the right to exercise power; without it, power must rely on costly force.
合法性是人们相信政府有权行使权力的信念；没有它，权力只能依靠代价高昂的强制。
Max Weber described three types of authority: traditional, based on custom; charismatic, based on a leader's qualities; and legal-rational, based on laws and elections, like a president who leaves at the end of a term.
马克斯·韦伯描述了三种权威：传统型，基于习俗；魅力型，基于领导人的个人特质；法理型，基于法律和选举，比如任期届满就离任的总统。
Legitimacy can come from consent, when people accept the government, for example through elections. And from performance, when the government delivers security, jobs and services.
合法性可以来自同意，即人们接受政府，比如通过选举；也可以来自绩效，即政府提供安全、就业和服务。
A government that fails for years, through corruption or crisis, may lose it.
一个多年失败的政府，因腐败或危机，可能失去合法性。
Internationally, legitimacy often comes from law and institutions.
在国际上，合法性常来自法律和制度。
In 1990 the UN Security Council passed Resolution 678, allowing member states to use force to remove Iraq's army from Kuwait.
1990 年联合国安理会通过第 678 号决议，授权成员国使用武力把伊拉克军队逐出科威特。
Because of it, many states saw the 1991 war as legal and legitimate.
正因如此，许多国家认为 1991 年的战争合法且正当。
Interdependence means what happens to one actor affects others.
相互依存指一个行为体的遭遇会影响其他行为体。
It is symmetric when both sides depend on each other equally. It is asymmetric when one depends more.
双方依赖程度相当时是对称的；一方依赖更多时是不对称的。
Then the less dependent side has more power, for example the power to threaten sanctions.
这时依赖较少的一方拥有更大权力，比如威胁实施制裁的权力。
Interdependence encourages cooperation, because conflict becomes expensive for everyone.
相互依存鼓励合作，因为冲突对所有人都代价高昂。
But it also creates risks: a problem in one place, like a blocked canal, a pandemic or a financial crisis, spreads quickly.
但它也带来风险：一地的问题，如运河堵塞、疫情或金融危机，会迅速扩散。
States are the main actors, but not the only ones. Intergovernmental organisations like the UN draw power from membership and law. NGOs like Médecins Sans Frontières draw it from expertise and trust. Companies from money and jobs. And social movements, like the school climate strikes, from public opinion.
国家是主要行为体，但不是唯一的。 联合国等政府间组织的权力来自成员资格和法律；无国界医生等非政府组织来自专业和信任；企业来自资金和就业；学生气候罢课等社会运动则来自公众舆论。
Read each source with three questions. Its claim: what does it say?
用三个问题读每份材料：主张，它说了什么？
Its evidence: data, examples, expert views.
证据，它用数据、例子还是专家观点支持？
Its perspective: who is speaking, and what do they want?
视角，谁在说话、想要什么？
Then connect the source to a concept and to your own example.
然后把材料与一个概念和你自己的例子联系起来。
A strong answer uses the source: cooperation limits sovereignty, because states must follow shared rules.
好答案会用材料：合作限制主权，因为国家必须遵守共同规则。
It names a real example: World Trade Organization rulings can order a state to change its trade laws.
会举真实例子：世贸组织的裁决可以要求一国修改贸易法律。
It adds a second concept: asymmetric interdependence.
会加入第二个概念：不对称相互依存。
And it gives a counter-view: the benefits usually outweigh the costs.
还会给出反方观点：好处通常大于代价。
To finish: hard, soft and smart power and its three faces; sovereignty and its three challenges; legitimacy, from Weber to Resolution 678; symmetric and asymmetric interdependence; and the actors, with claim, evidence and perspective for every source.
总结：硬实力、软实力、巧实力及权力的三个维度；主权及其三类挑战；从韦伯到第 678 号决议的合法性；对称与不对称的相互依存；以及各类行为体，并对每份材料分析主张、证据和视角。