조건화, 강화 및 관찰 학습
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology 주제 16 4:20 영어 내레이션 · 영어 + 중국어 자막 burned-in
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Positive means adding; negative means removing.
正代表增加；负代表移除。
Reinforcement increases the target behaviour; punishment decreases it.
强化会增加目标行为；惩罚会减少它。
Classify from the observed contingency and subsequent behaviour, not the adult's intention.
请根据观察到的关联及后续行为进行分类，而非成年人的意图。
Ratio schedules depend on responses; interval schedules depend on elapsed time before a response can be reinforced.
比率程序取决于反应次数；间隔程序取决于反应前经过的时间。
Extinction means the previously reinforced response or cue no longer receives its former consequence; it is not simply forgetting.
消退是指先前被强化的反应或线索不再获得其原有的后果；这并非简单的遗忘。
Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus (now conditioned) evokes a conditioned response: bell then food gives bell-evoked salivation.
经典条件反射将中性刺激与无条件刺激配对，直到该中性刺激（现已成为条件刺激）引发条件反应。 例如，铃声随后给予食物，会导致由铃声引发的唾液分泌。
Key phenomena: acquisition, extinction when the CS appears without the US, spontaneous recovery after a pause, generalisation to similar stimuli and discrimination between them.
关键现象包括：习得、当条件刺激出现而无无条件刺激时的消退、暂停后的自发恢复、对相似刺激的泛化以及它们之间的辨别。
The CS predicts the US; timing and contingency matter.
条件刺激预测无条件刺激；时机和关联性很重要。
Operant conditioning changes voluntary behaviour by its consequences.
操作性条件反射通过行为后果改变自愿行为。
Reinforcement INCREASES behaviour: positive adds something wanted, negative removes something aversive.
强化会增加行为：正强化增加想要的东西，负强化移除厌恶的东西。
Punishment DECREASES behaviour: positive adds something aversive, negative removes something wanted.
惩罚会降低行为频率。 正惩罚是施加厌恶刺激，负惩罚是移除想要的刺激。
Negative reinforcement is not punishment: both escape and avoidance strengthen the behaviour that ends or prevents the aversive event.
负强化并非惩罚。 逃避和回避都会增强能够终止或预防厌恶事件的行为。
Reinforcement schedules shape response patterns.
强化程序塑造反应模式。
Fixed-ratio schedules give high rates with a post-reinforcement pause; variable-ratio schedules give the highest, steadiest rates and resist extinction (gambling).
固定比率程序产生高反应率，并伴有强化后的暂停。 变比率程序产生最高且最稳定的反应率，并能抵抗消退，例如赌博行为。
Fixed-interval schedules give scalloped responding that rises near the interval end; variable-interval schedules give steady moderate rates.
固定间隔程序产生扇贝状反应，在间隔结束前上升。 变间隔程序产生稳定中等的反应率。
Ratio schedules count responses; interval schedules count time.
比率程序计算反应次数；间隔程序计算时间。
Observational learning needs attention to the model, retention of what was seen, the ability to reproduce it, and motivation; vicarious reinforcement (seeing the model rewarded) raises imitation.
观察学习需要关注榜样、对所见内容的保持、再现能力以及动机。 替代性强化，即看到榜样受到奖励，会提高模仿行为。
Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed children imitate filmed aggression.
班杜拉的波波玩偶研究表明儿童会模仿影片中的攻击行为。
Modelling extends learning beyond direct experience.
示范将学习延伸至直接经验之外。
Access to a game is removed after interruptions, and interruptions decline.
游戏访问权限在干扰行为发生后被移除，且干扰行为减少。
An alarm stops after homework begins, and starting increases.
闹钟在开始写作业后停止，且开始写作业的行为增加。
Classify both.
请对这两种情况进行分类。
Removing access and decreasing interruptions is negative punishment.
移除访问权限并减少干扰行为属于负惩罚。
Removing the alarm and increasing starting is negative reinforcement.
移除闹钟并增加开始写作业的行为属于负强化。
The same word removing occurs in both; the direction of change in the named behaviour separates them.
两个案例中都出现了“移除”一词；但所描述行为的改变方向不同，从而将它们区分开来。
These are descriptions of fictional contingencies, not recommended classroom interventions.
这些是对虚构行为后果的描述，并非推荐的课堂干预措施。
Each reinforcement schedule leaves its own shape in the cumulative record.
每种强化程式都会在累积记录上留下自己的形状。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
Rewards follow every fifth response in one task and the first response after varying time intervals in another.
在一项任务中，奖励出现在每第五次反应之后；在另一项任务中，奖励出现在变化时间间隔后的第一次反应。
Identify the schedules and the condition that earns each reward.
请识别这些强化程序以及获得每种奖励的条件。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Every fifth response is fixed ratio: the count of responses determines reinforcement.
每第五次反应为固定比率，反应次数决定强化。
The first response after varying intervals is variable interval: time makes reinforcement available, but a response is still required.
变化间隔后的首次反应为可变间隔：时间使强化变得可用，但仍需一次反应。
A response count with variable requirements would instead be variable ratio.
具有可变要求的反应次数则属于可变比率。
A typical response curve is not an absolute law for every task.
典型的反应曲线并非适用于所有任务的绝对法则。
Calling negative reinforcement punishment, or treating any unpredictable reward as variable-ratio; interval schedules pay the first response AFTER the interval.
将负强化称为惩罚，或将任何不可预测的奖励视为变比率；间隔时间表在间隔结束后支付第一次反应。
State the source and the limits.
说明来源和限制。
An unpleasant sound stops after a response, which becomes more frequent.
不愉快的声音在反应之后停止，该反应随之变得更加频繁。
Identify the contingency without using everyday reward language.
请在不使用日常奖励语言的情况下识别这一联结关系。
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，写出有依据的答案再继续。