Environmental economics: costs beyond the market price
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| externality/ekˈstɜːnælɪti/ | 외부성 |
| social cost/ˈsəʊʃl kɒst/ | 사회 비용 |
What would explain this observation?
- A cheap product can impose waste or pollution costs on people who did not buy it. Its market price may omit part of its environmental cost.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- An externality 外部性 is a cost or benefit affecting a third party that is not fully reflected in a transaction. Environmental economics examines incentives and valuation, including instruments such as taxes, subsidies and tradable permits. Ecological economics also questions growth assumptions and emphasizes ecological limits and relationships between the economy and its supporting systems.
- externality: A transaction effect on a third party not fully reflected in its price; social cost 社会成本: Private cost plus external cost within the stated model.
What should accompany a single estimated social-cost total?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
A single total hides its assumptions. The system boundary, how damages were valued, and who bears the costs decide whether the number is meaningful; an invoice covers only private cost.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- In a simplified model, marginal social cost equals marginal private cost plus marginal external cost. A pollution charge can alter incentives, but selecting a charge requires evidence and a stated objective. Monetary totals do not by themselves settle distribution, irreversibility, uncertainty or whether a service can be substituted.
- Construct a transparent table with a common currency, time period and system boundary. Separate measured expenditure from estimated environmental damage. Compare at least two valuation assumptions, identify who pays and who benefits, and consider a non-monetary indicator such as habitat condition. Label these as classroom scenarios rather than forecasts.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
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Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: producing one item costs the producer 8 units, while the scenario estimates an external cost of 3 units. Social cost is 11 units per item. For 200 items, private cost is 1,600 units and estimated external cost is 600 units, giving 2,200 units total under this model. If external damage is estimated at 1–5 units per item, the social-cost range is 1,800–2,600 units.
Private cost is 6 units per item and external cost is 2 units. Calculate social cost for 50 items. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
Private cost is 6 units per item and external cost is 2 units. Calculate social cost for 50 items.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
The result is 400 cost units. Known: private 6 units per item; external 2 units per item; 50 items. Social cost per item = 6 + 2 = 8 units. Total = 8 x 50 = 400 cost units. The external share is 100 units of that total.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- A money value is an assumption-dependent estimate, not a measurement of intrinsic ecological value. A policy that lowers total cost can still place a disproportionate burden on a vulnerable group.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
The cheapest market price necessarily identifies the smallest total environmental cost. This claim is false: Market price reflects private costs. External costs - pollution, health damage - fall on others and are absent from the price, so the cheapest market option can carry the largest total cost.
Environmental economics: costs beyond the market price: In a simplified model, marginal social cost equals marginal private cost plus marginal external cost. A pollution charge can alter incentives, but selecting a charge requires evidence and a stated objective. Monetary totals do not by themselves settle distribution, irreversibility, uncertainty or whether a service can be substituted.
The cheapest market price necessarily identifies the smallest total environmental cost.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
Market price reflects private costs. External costs - pollution, health damage - fall on others and are absent from the price, so the cheapest market option can carry the largest total cost.
A transaction effect on a third party not fully reflected in its price: write the technical term.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
externality means A transaction effect on a third party not fully reflected in its price.