규모의 경제, 최소 효율적 산출(MES) 및 조직 비용
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| minimum efficient scale/ˈmɪnɪməm ɪˈfɪʃənt skeɪl/ | 최소유효규모 |
| X-inefficiency/eks ɪnɪˈfɪʃənsi/ | X비효율성 |
A decision you can investigate
- A larger plant can spread specialist equipment costs over more output. A bigger management hierarchy can also slow decisions. A nearby training cluster can help firms of several sizes.
- Separate benefits inside one firm from benefits of an expanding industry.
Build the explanation
- Economies of scale reduce long-run average cost as the firm increases its chosen scale; diseconomies raise it. Minimum efficient scale 最小有效规模 MES is the smallest scale/output at which the lowest LRAC is attained in the stated technology. Internal economies arise within a firm: financial access/terms, technical specialization or indivisible equipment, specialist managers, spreading marketing costs, bulk purchasing and spreading risks across activities. Each needs a mechanism, not just a label.
- External economies benefit firms through industry/location development, including skilled labour availability, transport links and knowledge sharing. They can shift a firm’s LRAC rather than being a movement caused only by its own scale. Diseconomies can arise from communication delays, coordination problems and X-inefficiency X非效率: actual costs above attainable efficient costs because organizational slack or weak incentives persist. X-inefficiency need not be unique to large firms or a technological necessity.
Work through the evidence
- In a fictional technology comparison, achievable minimum average costs at scales100,200,300,400 are12,9,9,11. Economies occur100→200; the flat minimum9 spans200–300; MES is200, the smallest scale attaining it. Expanding300→400 shows diseconomies in this comparison.
- At output200, lowest feasible total cost is1800, but poor coordination leads to actual cost2000: excess cost200, average1 per unit, is a possible X-inefficiency gap if the efficient benchmark is credible. It is not evidence that the minimum technology itself became dearer.
- A shared skills programme lowers attainable average cost at every listed scale by1, to11,8,8,10; this external improvement shifts the comparison downward. It is separate from one firm moving between scales.
规模表에서 MES는 무엇입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
200은 최소 평균 비용9에 도달하는 첫 번째 규모입니다.
산출량200에서 가능한 초과 비용 격차는 무엇입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
실제2000보다 비효율적인 기준1800은200 총비용과 같습니다.
관측된 평균 비용의 감소는 항상 규모의 경제를 증명합니다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
가동률, 투입물 가격, 기술 또는 외부 변화가 이를 설명할 수 있습니다.
Test the limits
- These discrete scale data illustrate the concepts, not a complete envelope of short-run plants. MES may be a range or change with technology, and its size relative to market demand affects how many efficient firms can fit. A large MES can encourage concentration but does not alone establish monopoly power.
- Bulk purchase savings may reflect bargaining transfers rather than lower social resource use. Risk diversification can fail when shocks are correlated. Specialist management can reduce costs or add bureaucracy. External industry growth can also congest roads or raise input prices. Compare actual versus attainable cost carefully before diagnosing X-inefficiency; demand weakness and capacity utilization can raise observed average cost without a change in LRAC.
외부 규모의 이점은 무엇입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
공유된 풀은 개별 기업의 자체 규모 선택 외부에서 발달합니다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why is MES200 rather than300 when both have average cost9?
- MES is the smallest scale reaching the lowest attainable average cost. Both attain9, but200 is smaller.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Use the terms precisely
- minimum efficient scale: The smallest scale/output attaining the minimum long-run average cost under stated conditions.
- X-inefficiency: Actual resource cost above an attainable efficient benchmark because resources are not used efficiently.
In a fictional technology comparison, achievable minimum average costs at scales100,200,300,400 are12,9,9,11. Economies occur100→200; the flat minimum9 spans200–300; MES is200, the smallest scale attaining it. Expanding300→400 shows diseconomies in this comparison. At output200, lowest feasible total cost is1800, but poor coordination leads to actual cost2000: excess cost200, average1 per unit, is a possible X-inefficiency gap if the efficient benchmark is credible. It is not evidence that the minimum technology itself became dearer. A shared skills programme lowers attainable average cost at every listed scale by1, to11,8,8,10; this external improvement shifts the comparison downward. It is separate from one firm moving between scales.
These discrete scale data illustrate the concepts, not a complete envelope of short-run plants. MES may be a range or change with technology, and its size relative to market demand affects how many efficient firms can fit. A large MES can encourage concentration but does not alone establish monopoly power. Bulk purchase savings may reflect bargaining transfers rather than lower social resource use. Risk diversification can fail when shocks are correlated. Specialist management can reduce costs or add bureaucracy. External industry growth can also congest roads or raise input prices. Compare actual versus attainable cost carefully before diagnosing X-inefficiency; demand weakness and capacity utilization can raise observed average cost without a change in LRAC.
Economies of scale reduce long-run average cost as the firm increases its chosen scale; diseconomies raise it. Minimum efficient scale MES is the smallest scale/output at which the lowest LRAC is attained in the stated technology. Internal economies arise within a firm: financial access/terms, technical specialization or indivisible equipment, specialist managers, spreading marketing costs, bulk purchasing and spreading risks across activities. Each needs a mechanism, not just a label.