고정 투입재, 제품 및 한계 비용
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| diminishing marginal returns/dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ ˈmɑːdʒɪnl rɪˈtɜːnz/ | 한계报酬递减 |
| marginal product/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl ˈprɒdʌkt/ | 한계생산량 |
A decision you can investigate
- Adding a worker to a fixed workshop may initially improve teamwork. Later workers share crowded equipment. Total production can still rise even when each extra worker adds less.
- Diminishing marginal returns 边际报酬递减 are not falling total output or long-run diseconomies of scale.
Build the explanation
- The short run has at least one fixed input. Holding that input and technology constant, diminishing marginal returns occur when additional variable input eventually adds less extra output. Total product TP is total output; marginal product 边际产量 MP=ΔTP/Δinput; average product AP=TP/input. Falling positive MP means TP still rises, but more slowly. Negative MP would make TP fall; the two statements differ.
- With labour the only variable input and constant wage w, TVC=wL. Over a one-worker interval, MC=ΔTVC/ΔQ=w/MP; low marginal productivity means high marginal cost under these assumptions. AVC=w/AP for the stated labour-only variable costs. The total-product relation can be inverted to show the variable labour/cost required for an output. In the long run all inputs can vary; changing scale is different from adding labour to fixed capital.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional fixed workshop employs L0,1,2,3,4,5 with total output0,10,25,35,42,47. The successive marginal products are10,15,10,7,5: diminishing returns start after the second worker in this schedule. At L2, AP25/2=12.5; at L5, AP47/5=9.4. Output still rises35→42→47 while marginal product falls.
- With wage30 per worker, TVC at L2 is60 and at L5 is150. Successive interval marginal costs are30/10=3,30/15=2,30/10=3,30/7≈4.286 and30/5=6 per extra output unit. At L5, AVC150/47≈3.191, also30/9.4. Fixed costs do not enter these variable-cost calculations, but they do enter total/average total cost.
오 번째 노동자의 한계 생산량은 무엇인가?
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총생산량은 47−42=5만큼 증가한다.
임금30일 때 오 번째 노동자에 대한 구간 MC는 무엇인가?
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추가 비용30을 추가 생산량5로 나누면6이 됩니다.
한계수익 감소 법칙은 총생산량이 감소함을 요구합니다.
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한계생산량이 양수인 동안 총생산량은 여전히 증가합니다.
Test the limits
- The inverse cost relationships require constant wage, comparable workers, labour as the only variable input and no output-measure changes. Material costs, overtime premiums or changing quality alter the calculation. Average product is not marginal product, and AP/AVC does not determine ATC without fixed costs.
- Diminishing returns describe a short-run input experiment. Long-run economies can coexist with short-run diminishing returns because capital can expand too. A lower wage changes costs without necessarily changing physical productivity; a technical improvement changes the product schedule. When using data, check the input interval and distinguish workers, hours and full-time equivalents before comparing MP.
노동자 2명일 때 AP는 얼마입니까?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
총생산량25을 노동력2으로 나누면12.5이 됩니다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does a fall in marginal product from7 to5 not imply total output falls?
- Both increments remain positive: total output rises42→47, but the fifth worker adds less than the fourth.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
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각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Use the terms precisely
- marginal product: Extra output per additional unit of a specified input, other conditions stated.
- diminishing marginal returns: Eventually smaller output increments from additional variable input when another input and technology are fixed.
A fictional fixed workshop employs L0,1,2,3,4,5 with total output0,10,25,35,42,47. The successive marginal products are10,15,10,7,5: diminishing returns start after the second worker in this schedule. At L2, AP25/2=12.5; at L5, AP47/5=9.4. Output still rises35→42→47 while marginal product falls. With wage30 per worker, TVC at L2 is60 and at L5 is150. Successive interval marginal costs are30/10=3,30/15=2,30/10=3,30/7≈4.286 and30/5=6 per extra output unit. At L5, AVC150/47≈3.191, also30/9.4. Fixed costs do not enter these variable-cost calculations, but they do enter total/average total cost.
The inverse cost relationships require constant wage, comparable workers, labour as the only variable input and no output-measure changes. Material costs, overtime premiums or changing quality alter the calculation. Average product is not marginal product, and AP/AVC does not determine ATC without fixed costs. Diminishing returns describe a short-run input experiment. Long-run economies can coexist with short-run diminishing returns because capital can expand too. A lower wage changes costs without necessarily changing physical productivity; a technical improvement changes the product schedule. When using data, check the input interval and distinguish workers, hours and full-time equivalents before comparing MP.
The short run has at least one fixed input. Holding that input and technology constant, diminishing marginal returns occur when additional variable input eventually adds less extra output. Total product TP is total output; marginal product MP=ΔTP/Δinput; average product AP=TP/input. Falling positive MP means TP still rises, but more slowly. Negative MP would make TP fall; the two statements differ.