노동 참여율 및 숨겨진 여력(slack)
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| economic inactivity/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɪnækˈtɪvɪti/ | 경제 비활동 상태 |
| time-related underemployment/taɪm rɪˈleɪtɪd ˌʌndəremˈplɔɪmənt/ | 시간 관련 고용 부족 |
A decision you can investigate
- A lower unemployment rate may reflect people finding jobs, or people leaving the labour force. A person with a paid job may still want and be available for more hours.
- Headline rates need flows and classification evidence.
Build the explanation
- In the ILO framework, unemployment generally concerns working-age people not employed, seeking employment and available to take it within the specified reference periods. The labour force comprises employed plus unemployed people; others are outside it: economic inactivity 经济非活动状态. Employment can include temporarily absent jobholders, and working at least an hour for pay/profit can count under the applicable framework. Underemployment concerns employed people whose work is insufficient, such as wanting and being available for more hours; it is not the same as being unemployed.
- Frictional unemployment arises during job matching; seasonal from recurring activity patterns; structural from mismatched skills/location; demand-deficient from weak spending; real-wage inflexibility can prevent adjustment in a stated labour-market model. Identify the mechanism rather than assigning a category from unemployment duration alone.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional working-age group has 1000 people: employed 720, unemployed 80, inactive 200. Labour force=720+80=800. Unemployment rate=80/800×100=10%; employment-to-population ratio=720/1000×100=72%; inactivity rate=200/1000×100=20%. If 20 unemployed people stop seeking while employment stays 720, unemployed becomes 60 and inactive 220. New unemployment rate=60/780×100≈7.69%, with no new jobs.
- Suppose 30 of the 720 employed want and are available for more hours under the stated measure: they remain employed while showing time-related underemployment 时间相关就业不足. Net migration of 100 jobseekers initially raises labour supply, but employment depends on demand, skills, investment and later spending; neither rising unemployment nor one-for-one job displacement follows automatically.
원래 실업률의 분모는 무엇인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
실업률은 실업자를 고용자와 실업자의 합으로 나눈 값이다.
Test the limits
- Specific age, job-search and availability windows follow the survey and standard used; do not equate benefit claimants with survey unemployment. ILO framework explains the classification; underutilization covers wider slack.
- Unemployment can lower household income and demand, reduce firms’ sales, weaken skills and wellbeing, lower tax receipts and raise benefit spending. Idle resources can place output inside a PPF, without necessarily shrinking capacity immediately. Migration can add skills, entrepreneurship and spending, but adjustment, housing and training matter. Compare employment, inactivity, hours and participation as well as the unemployment rate.
예시에서 20 명의 실업자가 비활동자로 전환될 때, 총 고용 수는 몇 명 감소하는가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
고용 인구는 내내 720 명으로 유지된다.
고용 상태가 아닌 모든 사람을 실업자로 분류한다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
실업률 산출에는 구직/근무 가능 기준도 포함되며, 많은 사람이 노동-force에 속하지 않는다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does the new 7.69% unemployment rate fail to prove better job creation?
- Employment remains 720; the fall comes from 20 people leaving the labour force and a smaller unemployment numerator.
구조적 실업률을 가장 잘 설명하는 메커니즘은 무엇인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
구조적 변화는 사용 가능한 노동력과 구인 수치의 불일치를 초래할 수 있다.
Use the terms precisely
- economic inactivity: Being outside the labour force rather than classified as employed or unemployed.
- time-related underemployment: Employed people want and are available for more work hours under the stated statistical criteria.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
A fictional working-age group has 1000 people: employed 720, unemployed 80, inactive 200. Labour force=720+80=800. Unemployment rate=80/800×100=10%; employment-to-population ratio=720/1000×100=72%; inactivity rate=200/1000×100=20%. If 20 unemployed people stop seeking while employment stays 720, unemployed becomes 60 and inactive 220. New unemployment rate=60/780×100≈7.69%, with no new jobs. Suppose 30 of the 720 employed want and are available for more hours under the stated measure: they remain employed while showing time-related underemployment. Net migration of 100 jobseekers initially raises labour supply, but employment depends on demand, skills, investment and later spending; neither rising unemployment nor one-for-one job displacement follows automatically.
Specific age, job-search and availability windows follow the survey and standard used; do not equate benefit claimants with survey unemployment. ILO framework explains the classification; underutilization covers wider slack. Unemployment can lower household income and demand, reduce firms’ sales, weaken skills and wellbeing, lower tax receipts and raise benefit spending. Idle resources can place output inside a PPF, without necessarily shrinking capacity immediately. Migration can add skills, entrepreneurship and spending, but adjustment, housing and training matter. Compare employment, inactivity, hours and participation as well as the unemployment rate.
In the ILO framework, unemployment generally concerns working-age people not employed, seeking employment and available to take it within the specified reference periods. The labour force comprises employed plus unemployed people; others are outside it: economic inactivity. Employment can include temporarily absent jobholders, and working at least an hour for pay/profit can count under the applicable framework. Underemployment concerns employed people whose work is insufficient, such as wanting and being available for more hours; it is not the same as being unemployed.