성장률, 경기 침체 및 복지
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| subjective wellbeing/sʌbˈdʒektɪv ˈwelbiːɪŋ/ | 주관적 행복감 |
| disposable income/dɪˈspəʊzəbl ˈɪŋkʌm/ | 가처분 소득 |
A decision you can investigate
- A recovery quarter can have positive growth while output is still below its previous peak. Higher average income can also coexist with worse outcomes for some households.
- Levels, rates and wellbeing need separate evidence.
Build the explanation
- Positive real growth means output rises relative to the stated previous period; negative growth means it falls. The specification uses two consecutive quarters of negative real growth as its recession criterion. Apply it to quarter-on-quarter real output, not to a single monthly fall or an unrelated annual comparison.
- GDP/GNI omit much unpaid household work, imperfectly capture informal activity, and do not directly measure leisure, environmental quality, health, security or income distribution. Subjective wellbeing 主观幸福感 asks people about their experience; objective wellbeing indicators can include life expectancy, access to education, housing and environmental conditions. Income can support basic needs and choice, but adaptation, relative comparisons and unequal gains complicate the relationship.
Work through the evidence
- Fictional quarterly real output is 100,99,98,98.5. First growth=(99−100)/100×100=−1%; next growth=(98−99)/99×100≈−1.01%. These two successive contractions meet the taught recession criterion. The final quarter grows(98.5−98)/98×100≈0.51%, yet output 98.5 remains 1.5% below 100.
- In a separate two-household example, incomes 20 and 80 average 50. Later they become 15 and 95, averaging 55: the mean rises 10%, while the lower-income household loses 25%. The average alone cannot establish that everyone is better off. A wellbeing survey and distribution data would answer questions that the average cannot.
교수된 경기 침체 기준에 부합하는 서열은 무엇인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
이 기준은 분기별 연속적인 실질 감소를 의미합니다.
Test the limits
- For households, disposable income 可支配收入 after taxes and transfers differs from gross income. National accounts are revised; seasonal adjustment and period definitions affect interpretation. The taught recession criterion is the qualification’s rule, not a claim that every institution defines recessions identically. Subjective reports face wording, cultural comparison, response and sampling issues; an index’s weights embody choices.
- Avoid claiming a universal income threshold above which happiness stops rising. Compare multiple indicators and identify who benefits, the period and the missing dimensions before making a conditional living-standard judgement.
최종 산출 수준은 100에 비해 어떻게 되는가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
수준은 98.5이며, 직전 분기의 양의 성장은 98을 기준으로 합니다.
평균 소득의 증가는 모든 가구의 생활 수준 향상을 보장합니다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
분포, 물가, 공공 서비스 및 기타 복지 차원은 가구 간에 다를 수 있습니다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does the positive final growth rate not show that output recovered to its initial level?
- It measures an increase from 98 to 98.5; the initial level was 100, so the earlier fall is not fully reversed.
분포 예시에서 저소득 가구는 어떻게 되는가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
(15−20)/20×100=−25%; 평균은 모든 가구를 설명하지 못합니다.
Use the terms precisely
- disposable income: Income available for spending or saving after the relevant taxes and transfers.
- subjective wellbeing: People’s own reported evaluation or experience of their lives.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Fictional quarterly real output is 100,99,98,98.5. First growth=(99−100)/100×100=−1%; next growth=(98−99)/99×100≈−1.01%. These two successive contractions meet the taught recession criterion. The final quarter grows(98.5−98)/98×100≈0.51%, yet output 98.5 remains 1.5% below 100. In a separate two-household example, incomes 20 and 80 average 50. Later they become 15 and 95, averaging 55: the mean rises 10%, while the lower-income household loses 25%. The average alone cannot establish that everyone is better off. A wellbeing survey and distribution data would answer questions that the average cannot.
For households, disposable income after taxes and transfers differs from gross income. National accounts are revised; seasonal adjustment and period definitions affect interpretation. The taught recession criterion is the qualification’s rule, not a claim that every institution defines recessions identically. Subjective reports face wording, cultural comparison, response and sampling issues; an index’s weights embody choices. Avoid claiming a universal income threshold above which happiness stops rising. Compare multiple indicators and identify who benefits, the period and the missing dimensions before making a conditional living-standard judgement.
Positive real growth means output rises relative to the stated previous period; negative growth means it falls. The specification uses two consecutive quarters of negative real growth as its recession criterion. Apply it to quarter-on-quarter real output, not to a single monthly fall or an unrelated annual comparison.