GDP, GNI 및 비교 가능한 실질 소득
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| gross national income/ɡrəʊs ˈnæʃənl ˈɪŋkʌm/ | 국민총소득 |
| purchasing-power parity/ˈpɜːtʃɪsɪŋ ˈpaʊə ˈpærɪti/ | 구매력 상환율 |
A decision you can investigate
- A larger money value of output may reflect higher prices or more people rather than higher output per person.
- Choose a measure that answers the comparison being made.
Build the explanation
- GDP measures production within an economy over a period. Nominal GDP values it at current prices; a real or volume measure removes price changes using a stated reference-price/index method. Gross national income 国民总收入 (GNI) adds net primary income received from abroad to GDP: it concerns resident income, not simply citizenship. Total measures describe the whole economy; per-capita measures divide by population.
- Compare growth using equivalent real measures, periods and bases. A level and a growth rate answer different questions. Purchasing-power parity 购买力平价 adjusts currency comparisons for differences in price levels; market exchange conversion answers a different question and can change rankings.
Work through the evidence
- Fictional nominal GDP rises from 1000 to 1133; the GDP deflator rises from 100 to 110. Real GDP=nominal GDP ÷ deflator × 100, so final real output=1133/110×100=1030. Nominal growth is 13.3%, but real growth is 3%. Population rises from 50 to 52; real GDP per head moves from 1000/50=20 to 1030/52≈19.81, a fall of about 0.96%.
- With primary income received 40 and paid 70, final GNI=1133+40−70=1103 in current-price units. For a separate country comparison, A has 60000 local units per head and a PPP conversion factor of 3 local units per international dollar:20000 international dollars. B has 12000 and a PPP factor 0.8:15000. These differ from market conversions of 6 and 1 local units per US dollar, which would give 10000 and 12000 US dollars.
표준参考价格에 따른 최종 실질 GDP는 얼마인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
1133를 110으로 나누어 100을 곱한다.
예시에서 1103는 어떤 지표인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
순차등 소득 40−70을 명목 GDP 1133에 더한다.
양수 실질 GDP 성장은 반드시 인당 실질 GDP 상승을 의미한다.
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
인구는 총 실질 생산량보다 빠르게 증가할 수 있다.
Test the limits
- The deflator is not automatically the consumer-price index: it covers domestic production rather than only household purchases. A second-hand asset transfer is not newly produced output, though a current transaction service can count. Capital gains are not new production.
- PPP estimates depend on baskets, coverage and methods; per-capita averages hide distribution. Never compare the fictional international-dollar values with actual country data without matching definitions and dates. Real growth does not alone prove improved wellbeing.
가상의 비교에서 PPP 조정 후 소득이 높은 국가는 어디인가?
난이도 1/5 · 100 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
시장 환율이 아닌 각 명시된 PPP 환산율을 사용하라.
Apply and explain your answer
- How can total real output rise while real output per person falls?
- Population grows faster than real output: here 4% population growth exceeds 3% real-output growth.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
난이도 2/5 · 140 코인 + 오늘 첫 완료 시 소액 보너스
각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Use the terms precisely
- gross national income: GDP plus net primary income received from abroad by residents.
- purchasing-power parity: A currency comparison adjusted for the prices of comparable goods and services.
Fictional nominal GDP rises from 1000 to 1133; the GDP deflator rises from 100 to 110. Real GDP=nominal GDP ÷ deflator × 100, so final real output=1133/110×100=1030. Nominal growth is 13.3%, but real growth is 3%. Population rises from 50 to 52; real GDP per head moves from 1000/50=20 to 1030/52≈19.81, a fall of about 0.96%. With primary income received 40 and paid 70, final GNI=1133+40−70=1103 in current-price units. For a separate country comparison, A has 60000 local units per head and a PPP conversion factor of 3 local units per international dollar:20000 international dollars. B has 12000 and a PPP factor 0.8:15000. These differ from market conversions of 6 and 1 local units per US dollar, which would give 10000 and 12000 US dollars.
The deflator is not automatically the consumer-price index: it covers domestic production rather than only household purchases. A second-hand asset transfer is not newly produced output, though a current transaction service can count. Capital gains are not new production. PPP estimates depend on baskets, coverage and methods; per-capita averages hide distribution. Never compare the fictional international-dollar values with actual country data without matching definitions and dates. Real growth does not alone prove improved wellbeing.
GDP measures production within an economy over a period. Nominal GDP values it at current prices; a real or volume measure removes price changes using a stated reference-price/index method. Gross national income (GNI) adds net primary income received from abroad to GDP: it concerns resident income, not simply citizenship. Total measures describe the whole economy; per-capita measures divide by population.