한계 효용과 개인 수요 곡선입니다.
도입됨| English | 의미 |
|---|---|
| marginal utility/ˈmɑːdʒɪnl juːˈtɪlɪti/ | 한계 효용 |
| diminishing marginal utility/dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪŋ ˈmɑːdʒɪnl juːˈtɪlɪti/ | 한계 효용 체감 |
A decision you can investigate
- The first bottle of water after exercise is highly valued; a fifth bottle may add little satisfaction.
- The benefit of one more unit differs from total satisfaction from all units.
Build the explanation
- Marginal utility 边际效用 is additional satisfaction from an extra unit. Diminishing marginal utility 边际效用递减 means each further unit adds less satisfaction over the relevant range. With other factors fixed, a lower price may be needed to make additional units worth buying; this helps explain downward individual demand.
- Demand requires willingness and ability to buy at alternative prices. Own price changes give movements along demand. Substitute/complement prices, real income, tastes, population size/age and advertising can shift demand.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional buyer with enough budget has maximum willingness to pay for four bottles of 12, 8, 5 and 2 yuan. At price 6, the first two are worth buying but the third is not: quantity is 2, with total payment 12. At price 4, quantity becomes 3.
- If safe drinking fountains become more available, demand for purchased water may shift left because a substitute is more attractive. A hot-weather preference change may shift it right; these shifts differ from the movement after water’s own price changes.
가격 6에서 이 구매자는 병 몇 개를 택하는가?
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세 번째 병의 가치평가액이 5으로, 가격보다 낮다.
한계 효용이 양수이면서 감소하고 있을 때 총효용은 어떻게 되는가?
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각 단위는 여전히 만족감을 추가하지만, 그 양은 작아진다.
한계 효용이 감소한다는 것은 추가 단위가 총 만족도를 낮춘다는 것을 의미합니다.
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추가 효용은 감소할 수 있으나 총 만족도는 계속 상승할 수 있습니다.
Test the limits
- The example uses willingness-to-pay units as a monetary representation of marginal valuation, not direct measurement of psychological utility. Diminishing marginal utility does not mean total utility must fall; it can rise more slowly.
- The individual model does not by itself determine market demand: aggregate buyers differ. A simultaneous income or substitute-price change can invalidate an own-price-only interpretation.
어떤 것이 수요 곡선의 이동(수요 변화)에 더 직접적으로 해당하는가?
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대안 변화가 모든 가격 수준에서의 가치평가를 바꾼다.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does quantity rise from 2 to 3 when price falls from 6 to 4?
- The third bottle’s marginal valuation of 5 now exceeds its price.
용어를 의미와 매칭하십시오.
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각 용어를 명시된 경제적 관계에 따라 사용하라.
Use the terms precisely
- marginal utility: Additional satisfaction from consuming one more unit.
- diminishing marginal utility: Additional satisfaction falls as more units are consumed over a stated range.
A fictional buyer with enough budget has maximum willingness to pay for four bottles of 12, 8, 5 and 2 yuan. At price 6, the first two are worth buying but the third is not: quantity is 2, with total payment 12. At price 4, quantity becomes 3. If safe drinking fountains become more available, demand for purchased water may shift left because a substitute is more attractive. A hot-weather preference change may shift it right; these shifts differ from the movement after water’s own price changes.
The example uses willingness-to-pay units as a monetary representation of marginal valuation, not direct measurement of psychological utility. Diminishing marginal utility does not mean total utility must fall; it can rise more slowly. The individual model does not by itself determine market demand: aggregate buyers differ. A simultaneous income or substitute-price change can invalidate an own-price-only interpretation.
Marginal utility is additional satisfaction from an extra unit. Diminishing marginal utility means each further unit adds less satisfaction over the relevant range. With other factors fixed, a lower price may be needed to make additional units worth buying; this helps explain downward individual demand.