Supported HL focus. First assessment 2021; current through 2028. First-assessment-2029 course is separate.. Remaining guide, assessment and practical requirements retain their recorded holds.
Prerequisites: read the stated quantities and units, use arithmetic and the model conditions below. Each lesson develops its own method before independent transfer.
These are original or explicitly fictional teaching examples, not actual measurements or completed assessed learner investigations.
3.2
Angle reasoning, similarity and mensuration
English
Does volume scale like length?
A model has lengths one third of the real object. How much smaller are its area and volume?
This lesson studies scale factor 相似比: The multiplier that relates corresponding lengths in similar shapes.
Choose the mathematical structure
For similar shapes with length scale factor k, areas scale by k² and volumes by k³. State angle reasons explicitly. A circle's tangent is perpendicular to the radius at the contact point.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
If model-to-real length factor is 3, a model area of 12 cm² gives 12×3²=108 cm² and a model volume of 8 cm³ gives 8×3³=216 cm³. A cylinder with r=3,h=5 has volume πr²h=45π.
Test a tempting shortcut
Equal angles alone establish similarity, not equal size. Use corresponding lengths in the same order. Convert linear units before calculating area or volume, or square/cube the conversion factor correctly.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
Doubling every length of a solid doubles its volume. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
A geometric proof should name the relevant theorem, identify the equal angle or ratio, and draw the conclusion. A scale drawing is evidence only when the task permits measurement.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The multiplier that relates corresponding lengths in similar shapes. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
A ladder reaches a height of 4 m while its foot is 3 m from a wall. Which sides are known, and which angle do we need?
This lesson studies hypotenuse 斜边: The side opposite the right angle in a right-angled triangle.
Choose the mathematical structure
In a right triangle a²+b²=c²; sinθ=opposite/hypotenuse, cosθ=adjacent/hypotenuse and tanθ=opposite/adjacent. For other triangles, use the sine or cosine rule, or area=ab sin C/2.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
The ladder length is c=√(3²+4²)=5 m. Its angle to the ground satisfies tanθ=4/3, so θ≈53.1°. With two sides 6 and 8 enclosing 60°, c²=6²+8²-2×6×8 cos60°=52.
Test a tempting shortcut
Label sides relative to the chosen angle. Pythagoras needs a right angle. A calculator angle mode error can produce a plausible but wrong result. Keep unrounded values for later steps.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
Pythagoras applies to every triangle, including triangles without a right angle. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
Use a plan or elevation for a three-dimensional problem before applying a triangle rule. Explain why the chosen triangle contains the required length or angle.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The side opposite the right angle in a right-angled triangle. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
A rotating wheel sweeps an arc. Radians let its angle connect directly to the distance travelled along the rim.
This lesson studies radian 弧度: The angle subtended by an arc whose length equals the radius.
Choose the mathematical structure
For θ in radians, arc length s=rθ and sector area A=r²θ/2. Use sin²θ+cos²θ=1 and angle identities to simplify or solve. List every solution in the stated interval.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
For r=4 and θ=π/3, s=4π/3 and A=8π/3. Solving sin x=1/2 on 0≤x<2π gives x=π/6 and 5π/6. For sin2x=1/2, solve first on 0≤2x<4π before dividing by 2.
Test a tempting shortcut
A calculator's inverse sine gives one principal value. It does not give every solution. Dividing by sin x can discard solutions where sin x=0; check that case first.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
The principal inverse sine value is always the only solution in a full turn. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
Choose an identity that reduces the equation to one trigonometric function. Keep exact familiar angles where possible, and check each solution against the original equation.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The angle subtended by an arc whose length equals the radius. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
Walking 4 m east and 3 m north gives a displacement of 5 m, even though the travelled distance is 7 m.
This lesson studies resultant 合向量: The vector sum representing the combined displacement or force.
Choose the mathematical structure
Add corresponding vector components. A displacement from A to B is OB-OA. Parallel vectors are scalar multiples. A vector has magnitude and direction; a distance is a scalar.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
With a=(4,1) and b=(1,3), a+b=(5,4). Their scalar product is a·b=4×1+1×3=7. The magnitude of a is √17. For A=(1,2), B=(5,5), AB=(4,3) and |AB|=5.
Test a tempting shortcut
The order of subtraction matters: BA=-AB. Proving parallelism needs a scalar-multiple relation; a sketch alone is insufficient. Negative enlargement reverses position about its centre.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
AB and BA always have the same components. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
For a translation, every point uses the same displacement. For advanced line problems, distinguish the position vector from a direction vector and solve parameter equations consistently.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The vector sum representing the combined displacement or force. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
시작값과 결과를 대조하십시오. 원본 관계에 대입하거나, 적절한 경우 그래프와 수치적 답을 비교하십시오.
예시:
10부터 20까지인 계급으로 빈도가 30인 경우 밀도는 30/10=3입니다. 20부터 40까지인 계급으로 빈도가 20인 경우 밀도는 20/20=1입니다. 더 넓은 막대가 더 높은 밀도를 의미하는 것은 아닙니다. 값이 2,4,4,6,9일 때, 중앙값은 4이고 평균은 5입니다.
유혹적인 단축법을 테스트하기
가장 높은 히스토그램 막대가 가장 많은 관측치를 포함할 필요는 없습니다. 그룹화된 평균은 추정치일 뿐입니다. 상관관계는 인과성을 증명하지 않으며, 외삽(extrapolation)은 관찰 범위를 넘어inta합니다.
단축법이 실패하면 그 단축법이 위배하는 가정을 식별하십시오. 요청된 최종 반올림까지 정확한 값을 유지하십시오.
경고:
히스토그램 막대의 높이는 항상 빈도와 같다는 주장은 부등한 계급폭에도 적용된다고 합니다. 이는 틀린 말입니다. 어떤 정의나 가정을 위배하는지 설명하십시오.
새로운 상황을 해석하기
데이터 유형에 적합한 표시법을 선택하십시오. 수치적 비교와 그것이 인구(모집단)에 대한 의미를 제시하되, 표본이 지지하는 정밀도보다 더 많은 것을 추론하지 마십시오.
완전한 해답은 수학적 결과를 제시하고 그 의미를 설명해야 합니다. 주어진 맥락 내에서 가능한지 확인하십시오.
이 내용을 과정에 활용하기
현재 첫 평가-2021 분석 및 접근법 HL. 이는 작성자 개념 지원 자료이며, 모든 목표에 대한 인증을 위해서는 전체 가이드가 필요합니다.
최종 답보다 방법을 먼저 제시하고, 시험지의 계산기 및 공식 규칙을 준수하십시오. 틀린 답을 검토할 때는 첫 번째 유효하지 않은 단계 위치를 찾아보십시오.
핵심:
빈도를 계급폭으로 나눈 값으로 히스토그램의 높이에 사용됩니다. 관계를 선택하고, 방법을 제시하며, 가정을 검토한 후 결과를 해석하십시오.
Supported HL focus. First assessment 2021; current through 2028. First-assessment-2029 course is separate.. Remaining guide, assessment and practical requirements retain their recorded holds.
Prerequisites: read the stated quantities and units, use arithmetic and the model conditions below. Each lesson develops its own method before independent transfer.
These are original or explicitly fictional teaching examples, not actual measurements or completed assessed learner investigations.
5.2
Derivatives and stationary points
English
What is the slope at one point?
A curved road has different slopes at different positions. An average gradient cannot describe every point.
This lesson studies derivative 导数: The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent.
Choose the mathematical structure
For y=ax^n, dy/dx=anx^(n-1). A stationary point satisfies dy/dx=0. Check the sign change of the derivative, or the second derivative when it is nonzero, to classify it.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
For y=x³-3x, dy/dx=3x²-3. At x=1, the gradient is 0 and y=-2. The second derivative is 6x, positive at x=1, so this is a local minimum. At x=-1, y=2 and the second derivative is negative, giving a local maximum.
Test a tempting shortcut
A zero derivative does not always mean a maximum or minimum: y=x³ is stationary at 0 but continues increasing. An endpoint can also produce an extreme value on a restricted domain.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
Every point with zero derivative is a local maximum or minimum. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
At GCSE/IGCSE use only the polynomial scope allowed by the tier; do not add chain, product or quotient rules there. At advanced level, connect the derivative to rates and optimization with a valid domain.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The instantaneous rate of change, also the gradient of a tangent. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
A velocity graph tells us motion at an instant. How can we recover the displacement accumulated over time?
This lesson studies antiderivative 原函数: A function whose derivative equals the given integrand.
Choose the mathematical structure
For n≠-1, the integral of ax^n is ax^(n+1)/(n+1)+C. A definite integral is signed accumulation. Split at sign changes when total area or distance is required.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
For v(t)=3t²-3 over 0≤t≤2, displacement=[t³-3t]_0^2=2. Since v changes sign at t=1, distance=-[t³-3t]_0^1+[t³-3t]_1^2=2+4=6. The constants cancel only for a definite integral.
Test a tempting shortcut
The integral of 1/x is ln|x|+C, not the power rule with n=-1. Signed area can be zero even when the total enclosed area is positive.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
A definite integral always equals the total positive area, even when the graph crosses the axis. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
Identify what the integral means and include the correct units. A rate measured per second integrates to the underlying quantity, not to another rate. Differentiate an antiderivative to check it.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
A function whose derivative equals the given integrand. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
For y=(3x+1)^4, y prime=4(3x+1)^3×3=12(3x+1)^3. At x=0, the gradient is 12. For x²+y²=25, differentiate implicitly: 2x+2y y prime=0, so y prime=-x/y when y≠0.
Test a tempting shortcut
A derivative of a product is not the product of the derivatives. In implicit differentiation, every differentiated function of y brings a dy/dx factor. A quotient's denominator is squared.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
The derivative of u(x)v(x) is always u prime times v prime. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
Choose a useful form before differentiating: expanding a short polynomial may be simpler. For related rates, write the relation in symbols, differentiate with respect to time, then substitute measured values.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
The rule that multiplies the outer derivative by the inner derivative for a composite function. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
A simple-looking product such as xe^x cannot be integrated by separately integrating each factor.
This lesson studies integration by parts 分部积分法: An integration method based on the derivative of a product.
Choose the mathematical structure
Use substitution when an inner derivative appears as a factor. By parts, integral u v prime =uv-integral u prime v. For a rational function, divide first if needed, then decompose into partial fractions.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Work through a checked case
$$\int u v^{\prime}\,dx=uv-\int u^{\prime}v\,dx$$
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
For integral xe^x dx, take u=x and v prime=e^x. Then the integral is xe^x-e^x+C. For integral 2x/(x²+1) dx, substitute w=x²+1, dw=2x dx; the answer is ln(x²+1)+C.
Test a tempting shortcut
Choosing u and v prime well matters: the remaining integral should become simpler. In a definite substitution, either change the limits or return to x before applying the original limits.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
The integral of a product equals the product of its separate integrals. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
Check by differentiating. For volumes of revolution around the x-axis use V=π integral y² dx; do not confuse the square of a function with the integral of the function.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
An integration method based on the derivative of a product. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
A growing population's rate is proportional to its current size. The rate equation describes a whole family until an initial population is supplied.
This lesson studies initial condition 初始条件: A specified value that selects a particular solution from a family.
Choose the mathematical structure
For dy/dx=ky, separate variables: dy/y=k dx, giving y=Ae^(kx). Use an initial condition to find A. Euler's method takes y next=y+h f(x,y), with a chosen step h.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Work through a checked case
$$\frac{dy}{dx}=ky,\qquad y=Ae^{kx}$$
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
With dy/dx=0.5y and y(0)=2, y=2e^(0.5x). Euler with h=0.2 gives y(0.2)≈2+0.2×1=2.2 and y(0.4)≈2.2+0.2×1.1=2.42. The exact second value is about 2.4428.
Test a tempting shortcut
An initial condition determines the integration constant; it is not a replacement for integrating. Dividing by y can omit an equilibrium solution y=0. Euler accuracy depends on step size and the equation.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
Every step size gives exactly the same Euler approximation. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
For second-order linear equations, combine the complementary function with an appropriate particular integral, then apply the required initial conditions. This is Further Pure scope; check the named unit.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
A specified value that selects a particular solution from a family. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.
Supported HL focus. First assessment 2021; current through 2028. First-assessment-2029 course is separate.. Remaining guide, assessment and practical requirements retain their recorded holds.
Prerequisites: read the stated quantities and units, use arithmetic and the model conditions below. Each lesson develops its own method before independent transfer.
These are original or explicitly fictional teaching examples, not actual measurements or completed assessed learner investigations.
6.2
Planning a mathematical exploration
English
What makes an investigation mathematical?
A student wants to predict queue waiting time at the school canteen. A useful exploration needs a question, data and mathematics the student can explain.
This lesson studies assumption 假设: A condition adopted to make a mathematical model possible and whose effect should be evaluated.
Choose the mathematical structure
Frame a focused question with measurable variables and a feasible method. Keep a dated record of decisions, sources and mathematical reasoning. Use technology to support analysis, and explain every important output in your own words.
State the allowed inputs and units before calculating. An equation should express the relationship, not just record a calculator entry.
Work through a checked case
$$\widehat t=1+0.2n,\qquad e=t-\widehat t$$
Check the result against the starting quantities. Substitute into the original relation, or compare the graph and numerical answer where appropriate.
Example:
A pilot records mean waiting times of 3,5,7 minutes when 10,20,30 people are ahead. A first model is t=1+0.2n. At n=25 it predicts 6 minutes. An actual wait of 8 gives residual 2; investigate varying service rates rather than hiding the mismatch.
Test a tempting shortcut
Do not copy a sample exploration, invent data or manufacture personal engagement. A prediction is not evidence until it is compared with observations. Consent and privacy matter when collecting school data.
When a shortcut fails, identify the assumption it breaks. Keep an exact value until the requested final rounding.
Warn:
The school-supervised mathematical exploration can be replaced by a timed written mock exam. This claim is false. Explain which definition or assumption it violates.
Interpret a new situation
The school supervises topic approval, checkpoints, authenticity and assessment. For the current 2021 course use the current school's guide and criteria; the 2029 inquiry criteria belong to a different assessment version.
A complete solution gives the mathematical result and explains what it means. Check that it is possible in the stated context.
Use this in your course
Current first-assessment-2021 Analysis and Approaches HL. This is authored concept support; the full guide is needed to certify every objective.
Give the method before the final answer, and use the paper's calculator and formula rules. Review a wrong answer by locating the first invalid step.
Key:
A condition adopted to make a mathematical model possible and whose effect should be evaluated. Choose the relationship, show the method, check its assumptions and interpret the result.