文章の構造、文の機能と修辞上の目的
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| structure/ˈstrʌktʃə/ | The way the parts of something are arranged and connected. |
| qualify/ˈkwɒlɪfaɪ/ | To limit or restrict a claim. |
How is the text built?
- A short text first describes a long-held belief about dinosaurs, then a new discovery, then what the discovery changes.
- Text structure 结构 questions ask how the text develops its point and what job a sentence does — not just what the text is about.
Common structures
- Problem → solution, claim → evidence, old view → new finding, cause → effect, comparison of two things.
- Labels like "introduces", "describes", "challenges", "qualifies", "illustrates" describe moves in these structures.
A sentence's role
- Ask what the text would lose without the sentence: the problem? an example? a limit on the claim?
- "However, the sample included only adults" qualifies the finding; "For instance, one patient…" illustrates it.
Text: (1) Scientists long assumed bees cannot count. (2) In a 2018 study, bees chose the smaller of two groups of shapes. (3) This suggests bees understand "fewer". Sentence 1 presents a view the text then challenges; sentence 2 gives the evidence; sentence 3 states the conclusion.
What does each sentence do?
Identify the role of each sentence in an old-view → new-finding text.
Text: “Many believe that cold weather causes colds. In fact, colds are caused by viruses. Cold weather may play a role only because people stay indoors together.” What is the function of the last sentence?
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It limits and explains how cold weather might still matter.
Match each sentence opening to its likely role.
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Signal words reveal a sentence's role.
Purpose versus subject
- Subject: what the text is about (bees). Purpose: what it is trying to do (to present evidence against an old assumption).
- Purpose answers start with a verb: to argue, to explain, to describe, to challenge.
A text describes an old theory about how birds navigate, then reports an experiment that contradicts it. What is its main purpose?
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The text's job is to challenge the earlier theory with new evidence.
“To discuss volcanoes” is a precise statement of purpose for a text that argues a volcano will erupt soon.
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That names the subject; the purpose is to argue an eruption is likely.
A good purpose answer usually starts with a ____, such as “to argue” or “to explain”.
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Purpose is what the text does.
Traps
- Topic dressed as purpose: "to discuss bees" names the subject but misses what the text does with it.
- Wrong order of moves: a choice that says the text "concludes with a problem" when it ends with a finding.
Recap
- Identify the structure (old view → finding, claim → evidence, problem → solution).
- Describe a sentence by its role (introduce, illustrate, qualify 限定, challenge) and a text by its purpose (a verb).
- qualify: To limit or restrict a claim.