条件付け、強化および模倣学習
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| extinction/ekˈstɪŋkʃn/ | 消退 |
| negative reinforcement/ˈneɡətɪv ˌriːɪnˈfɔːsmənt/ | 負の強化 |
A decision before an answer
- Removing something unpleasant can strengthen a behaviour just as much as giving a reward, and confusing the two is the classic exam error.
- Your goal: Distinguish classical from operant conditioning by what is learned.
Pair the stimuli
- Classical conditioning pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus (now conditioned) evokes a conditioned response: bell then food gives bell-evoked salivation.
- Key phenomena: acquisition, extinction when the CS appears without the US, spontaneous recovery after a pause, generalisation to similar stimuli and discrimination between them. The CS predicts the US; timing and contingency matter.
Taking an aspirin to relieve a headache makes future aspirin-taking more likely. This is:
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The behaviour increases because an aversive state is removed; that is negative reinforcement.
Classify the consequence
- Operant conditioning changes voluntary behaviour by its consequences. Reinforcement INCREASES behaviour: positive adds something wanted, negative removes something aversive.
- Punishment DECREASES behaviour: positive adds something aversive, negative removes something wanted. Negative reinforcement is not punishment: escape and avoidance strengthen the behaviour that ends or prevents the aversive event.
The highest, steadiest response rate and greatest resistance to extinction come from a:
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Variable-ratio schedules pay after an unpredictable number of responses, sustaining rapid steady responding.
Read the schedule
- Fixed-ratio schedules give high rates with a post-reinforcement pause; variable-ratio schedules give the highest, steadiest rates and resist extinction (gambling).
- Fixed-interval schedules give scalloped responding that rises near the interval end; variable-interval schedules give steady moderate rates. Ratio schedules count responses; interval schedules count time.
A tone repeatedly followed by food comes to evoke salivation; presenting the tone without food extinguishes it, yet the response can briefly return after a rest (spontaneous recovery). A slot machine is a variable-ratio schedule: rapid, steady, extinction-resistant play. Taking an aspirin to end a headache is negative reinforcement; a fine for late work is negative punishment.
Presenting the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus leads to ____ of the conditioned response.
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Without the US, the CR weakens, though spontaneous recovery can follow a rest.
Learn by watching
- Observational learning needs attention to the model, retention of what was seen, the ability to reproduce it, and motivation; vicarious reinforcement (seeing the model rewarded) raises imitation.
- Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed children imitate filmed aggression. Modelling extends learning beyond direct experience.
Calling negative reinforcement punishment, or treating any unpredictable reward as variable-ratio; interval schedules pay the first response AFTER the interval.
このケースに当てはまる答えはどれか？
古典的条件付けと操作条件付けを、それぞれ何が学習されるかによって区別する。
Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of a behaviour.
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Negative reinforcement increases behaviour by removing something aversive; punishment decreases behaviour.
Keep the distinctions
- negative reinforcement 负强化 — Strengthening a behaviour by removing an aversive stimulus; not punishment.
- extinction 消退 — Weakening of a conditioned response when the CS no longer predicts the US or the behaviour is no longer reinforced.
- Distinguish classical from operant conditioning by what is learned.
- Classify consequences and reinforcement schedules by their effects.
- Explain observational learning and its requirements.
Match each term with its precise meaning in this lesson.
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Keep the distinctions stated in the teaching example.
Put this lesson’s reasoning or event sequence in order.
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The order follows the stated process; check each stage before the next.