| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| population/ˌpɒpjʊˈleɪʃn/ | 母集団 |
| sample/ˈsæmpl/ | 標本 |
| representative/ˌreprɪˈzentətɪv/ | 代表的 |
| qualitative data/ˈkwɒlɪteɪtɪv ˈdeɪtə/ | 質的データ |
| quantitative data/ˈkwɒntɪteɪtɪv ˈdeɪtə/ | 量的データ |
| discrete/dɪˈskriːt/ | 離散 |
| continuous/kənˈtɪnjuːəs/ | 連続 |
| histogram/ˈhɪstəɡræm/ | ヒストグラム |
Define whom a finding describes
- A population 总体 is the target group; a sample 样本 is the observed subset. A class survey can describe that class without establishing a school-wide percentage.
- A suitably representative 有代表性的 sample requires attention to selection, participation and the question asked. A large voluntary response does not automatically resolve nonresponse.
Distinguish labels from measured amounts
- Qualitative data 定性数据 are categories. Quantitative data 定量数据 measure amounts; discrete 离散 data use distinct countable values, while continuous 连续 data are modelled over intervals.
- A numerical route label is still a category. Recorded continuous measurements can be rounded, so printed decimal precision alone does not decide the underlying type.
Match each variable to its data type.
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Counted values are discrete; measured values are continuous. The type decides which chart is legitimate.
Match the display to the data
- A histogram 直方图 uses numeric class intervals. For unequal widths, frequency density is frequency divided by width so bar area represents frequency.
- Separate category bars and label units, scale and count scope. A pie chart requires mutually exclusive parts of a defined whole; missing responses must not silently become a known category.
Which chart suits continuous data such as height?
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A histogram displays frequencies over numeric intervals. With unequal interval widths, use frequency density so area represents frequency; an empty interval can have zero height.
Two sampling plans have different risks. Asking a canteen queue excludes nonusers. Selecting every tenth name can cover the full roll, but needs a random start and a check for patterns in the ordering. Neither method guarantees honest responses or removes all nonresponse; record the actual procedure and limits.
To study canteen preferences across a school, which listed selection plan best covers the full student population?
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Selection from the full roll can include nonusers. A systematic every-tenth-name plan needs a random start and a check for patterns; nonresponse remains a limitation, so it does not guarantee perfect representativeness.
State the denominator. If 60 of 200 students reply and 45 prefer later meetings, response rate is 30% and respondent preference is 75%. Preferences of the remaining 140 are unknown. Sheet 2.5 separates preference evidence from attendance evidence.
A larger sample removes bias caused by how the sample was chosen.
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Increasing sample size alone does not remove systematic selection or nonresponse bias. Examine and improve the collection method and disclose remaining limits.
A truncated category-bar axis changes the visible comparison of heights. Use a zero baseline for straightforward magnitude comparisons, and make any exceptional scale choice explicit. A larger sample does not by itself fix a systematically selected sample.
A bar chart's vertical axis starts at 40 rather than 0. What must you do?
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A truncated category-bar scale can exaggerate relative heights. A zero baseline supports magnitude comparisons; any exception needs a clear, justified scale rather than an unstated change.