| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| scarcity/ˈskeəsɪti/ | 希少性 |
| opportunity cost/ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti kɒst/ | 機会費用 |
| market/ˈmɑːkɪt/ | 市場 |
| demand/dɪˈmænd/ | 需要 |
| supply/səˈplaɪ/ | 供給 |
| equilibrium price/ˌiːkwɪˈlɪbrɪəm praɪs/ | 均衡価格 |
Every choice has a cost
- Scarcity 稀缺性 means resources are limited but people's wants are not.
- A business cannot buy every machine, hire every worker, or run every advert. It must choose.
- The opportunity cost 机会成本 is the next best option given up when that choice is made.
Opportunity cost is the option you did not choose, quietly waving from the other queue.
パン屋が第二のオーブンではなく配達用自転車を購入する場合、機会原価は何か。
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機会原価とは、あらゆるコストや支払ったお金ではなく、次に良い代替案のことである。
Price is a signal
- In a market 市场, price links buyers and sellers.
- Demand 需求 is how much consumers are willing and able to buy at each price. A lower price usually leads to more demand.
- Supply 供给 is how much firms are willing and able to sell at each price. A higher price usually makes supply more attractive.
- These are tendencies, not promises. A firm still needs evidence about its own customers.
需要とは、消費者が明示された価格で買おうとする意思と能力の両方を指す。
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購入したいが支払うことができない状態は、このモデルにおける需要ではない。
各変化に、その一般的な市場への影響を対応させよ。
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このモデルは傾向を示すものであり、実際の企業は自社の証拠を確認し続ける。
The point where plans meet
- An equilibrium price 均衡价格 is the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
- Above it, a seller may have unsold stock. Below it, customers may want more than the firm can provide.
- A shortage is not automatically good news: it can mean disappointed customers and lost future sales.
市場の均衡価格はいくつか？
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均衡とは、買い手の希望数量と売り手の提供数量が一致した状態を指す。
A campus café has 80 sandwiches for lunch. At $3, students want 120. At$5, they want 50. At $4, about 80 want one.
The $4 price is useful because it matches today's supply. Choosing$3 may create a queue, but the opportunity cost is the sales the café cannot make once the sandwiches are gone.
計算例において、$4という価格がキャンパスカフェに適している理由を1文で述べよ。
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有用な関係式は「需要量＝供給量」であり、「学生が好む」という単純な感覚ではない。
Name the choice and the next best alternative. “The opportunity cost is money” is too vague. “Buying a second oven means giving up a delivery bicycle” is an economic explanation.
Do not say demand means “how much people like something”. They must be able and willing to buy it at a stated price. A thousand likes do not pay a supplier.