価格および非価格競争
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| limit pricing/ˈlɪmɪt ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | 制限価格設定 |
| predatory pricing/ˈpredətəri ˈpraɪsɪŋ/ | 略奪的価格設定 |
| non-price competition/nɒn praɪs ˌkɒmpəˈtɪʃn/ | 非価格競争 |
| after-sales service/ˈæftə seɪlz ˈsɜːvɪs/ | アフターサービス |
A decision you can investigate
- A price cut may be ordinary competition, an attempt to discourage entry, or part of a strategy to exclude an existing rival. Better repairs and service can compete without a price cut.
- A low price alone does not identify motive or long-run effect.
Build the explanation
- Price wars involve rival price reductions that can lower margins and benefit current buyers. Limit pricing 限制性定价 aims to discourage potential entry by making expected entry returns unattractive; the price need not be below the incumbent’s cost. Predatory pricing 掠夺性定价 involves a strategy of sacrificing returns to exclude rivals with an intended later recovery of losses; evidence, cost benchmarks and the feasibility of future recovery matter. Do not label every discount predatory or make a universal legal claim.
- Non-price competition 非价格竞争 includes advertising/branding, quality, endorsement, product placement and after-sales service 售后服务. Advertising can inform or persuade; quality can improve durability or performance; endorsements and placements associate products with people/media; service can reduce customers’ repair risk. These channels may improve value or raise costs and switching barriers. Evaluate each mechanism and who pays.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional incumbent sells100 units at price12 with average economic cost9: profit300. Price10 at unchanged volume and cost gives profit100. If volume rises to130 but average cost stays9, profit becomes130. These calculations illustrate margin/volume effects, not a demand forecast.
- In a separate entrant case, incumbent cost9 and entrant attainable cost11 make price10 profitable for the incumbent but unattractive for that entrant: limit pricing need not be below incumbent cost.
- A service upgrade costs200 and prevents an expected300 customer repair loss under the stated assumptions. Its expected combined resource gain is100 before other costs, but how price and risk are shared determines each party’s benefit. A paid endorsement adding no verified product quality should not be counted automatically as a technical improvement.
価格10、生産量130、平均成本9における利益はいくらか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
利益率1に販売数量130を掛けると、総利益130となる。
Test the limits
- Consumers may gain lower prices, better information, quality and service, but face misleading advertising, weaker future rivalry or switching costs. Firms may gain sales or loyalty while spending more and risking retaliation. Workers may gain new roles or face margin pressure; suppliers may gain orders or be squeezed by stronger bargaining.
- A price war can be temporary or sustainable with lower costs; below-cost sales can have several explanations. Assess time horizon, costs, entry, consumer alternatives and the evidence of exclusion rather than asserting motives from one observed price. Endorsement/product placement need attribution and honest claims. Non-price spending is neither inherently wasteful nor guaranteed innovation; compare resource costs with information, quality and welfare gains.
提示された限界価格が在来企業にとって収益化される理由は何か？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
達成可能なコストの違いが重要であり、参入者は11をカバーできない可能性がある。
すべての値下げは独占排除的価格設定（プレダトリー・プライシング）である。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
通常の競合、コスト変動、参入阻止には、それぞれ異なる証拠とメカニズムが必要である。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why can the price10 entry-deterrence example differ from selling below incumbent cost?
- Incumbent cost is9, so price10 covers it. The comparison that discourages entry is against the entrant’s different cost11.
除外事項前におけるサービス事例の期待される資源増加分はいくらか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
防止された損失300からサービスコスト200を引くと、純益100となる。
Use the terms precisely
- limit pricing: Pricing intended to make potential entry unattractive under the stated entry-cost and expectation conditions.
- non-price competition: Rivalry through product, information, branding, access or service rather than mainly price changes.
- predatory pricing: A strategy sacrificing current returns to exclude rivals with intended later recovery of losses.
- after-sales service: Support for customers after purchase, such as repair or maintenance.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
A fictional incumbent sells100 units at price12 with average economic cost9: profit300. Price10 at unchanged volume and cost gives profit100. If volume rises to130 but average cost stays9, profit becomes130. These calculations illustrate margin/volume effects, not a demand forecast. In a separate entrant case, incumbent cost9 and entrant attainable cost11 make price10 profitable for the incumbent but unattractive for that entrant: limit pricing need not be below incumbent cost. A service upgrade costs200 and prevents an expected300 customer repair loss under the stated assumptions. Its expected combined resource gain is100 before other costs, but how price and risk are shared determines each party’s benefit. A paid endorsement adding no verified product quality should not be counted automatically as a technical improvement.
Consumers may gain lower prices, better information, quality and service, but face misleading advertising, weaker future rivalry or switching costs. Firms may gain sales or loyalty while spending more and risking retaliation. Workers may gain new roles or face margin pressure; suppliers may gain orders or be squeezed by stronger bargaining. A price war can be temporary or sustainable with lower costs; below-cost sales can have several explanations. Assess time horizon, costs, entry, consumer alternatives and the evidence of exclusion rather than asserting motives from one observed price. Endorsement/product placement need attribution and honest claims. Non-price spending is neither inherently wasteful nor guaranteed innovation; compare resource costs with information, quality and welfare gains.
Price wars involve rival price reductions that can lower margins and benefit current buyers. Limit pricing aims to discourage potential entry by making expected entry returns unattractive; the price need not be below the incumbent’s cost. Predatory pricing involves a strategy of sacrificing returns to exclude rivals with an intended later recovery of losses; evidence, cost benchmarks and the feasibility of future recovery matter. Do not label every discount predatory or make a universal legal claim.