政策のトレードオフと短期フィリップス曲線
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| short-run Phillips curve/ʃɔːt rʌn ˈfɪlɪps kɜːv/ | 短期フィリップス曲線 |
| policy conflict/ˈpɒlɪsi ˈkɒnflɪkt/ | 政策目標の衝突 |
A decision you can investigate
- Demand stimulus may reduce cyclical unemployment while increasing inflation pressure. A new clean technology may expand output while reducing environmental damage.
- A possible conflict needs a mechanism; it is not an unavoidable law.
Build the explanation
- With expectations and supply conditions fixed, stronger aggregate demand can raise output and employment while increasing wage/price pressure: the short-run Phillips curve 短期菲利普斯曲线 represents a possible inverse inflation/unemployment relationship. A movement along that curve differs from a shift after changed expected inflation or supply costs. An adverse supply shock can raise both inflation and unemployment, so there is no stable permanent menu that policy can exploit without consequences.
- Growth can conflict with environmental protection when production increases pollution or resource use. Relatively high domestic inflation can weaken price competitiveness and worsen net trade/current-account balance, other conditions unchanged. Growth can widen income inequality when capital owners, skilled workers or favored regions capture disproportionate gains. These are the four prescribed conflicts; cleaner technology, productivity and inclusive investment can reduce particular tensions.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional short-run illustration with fixed expectations follows inflation π=8−u, where u is unemployment in percentage points. At u=6%, π=2%; at u=4%, π=4%. This is a movement, not evidence of a permanent two-point policy exchange. If supply costs or expectations instead shift the illustrative relation to π=10−u, then at u=6% inflation is 4%; the old curve no longer applies.
- A separate exporter keeps nominal exchange rates unchanged and raises its domestic price 100→110 while the competitor stays 100: relative price rises 10%, which may weaken demand if buyers can substitute. It does not prove an exact current-account loss. A growth project raises owners’ income 80→100 and workers’ income 20→22: both gain but the owners/workers ratio rises 4→4.55. Aggregate growth does not settle distribution.
π=8−u において、失業率が 4% のときのインフレ率は何か？
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8−4=4.
π=8−u が π=10−u に変化すると何が変化するか？
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失業率がどの水準にある場合でも、提示されたインフレ率は2ポイント高い。
経済成長は常に環境保護と矛盾するものではない。
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より清潔な技術や生産構成の変更により、生産量が増加しても環境への悪影響を軽減できる。
Test the limits
- The linear Phillips equation is an invented teaching schedule, not an estimated country relationship. Unemployment has structural and frictional components, while inflation can reflect imported costs and expectations. Do not apply the short-run curve to long-run policy or interpret correlation as a complete causal explanation.
- Trade responses also depend on non-price quality, contracts, exchange rates, foreign demand and import costs. Growth and environmental protection can complement each other if cleaner methods reduce damage; regulation has implementation costs too. Redistributive taxes, training and access to assets can alter distribution but may affect incentives. Weigh time lags and affected groups instead of asserting that every objective pair necessarily conflicts.
国内のインフレはなぜ輸出競争力を弱める可能性があるのか？
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相対価格は輸出需要に影響を与える要因の一つであり、完全なバランス計算ではない。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why is inflation 4% at unemployment 6% in the shifted example not a movement along the original curve?
- The original relation predicts 2% at that unemployment. A changed supply/expectations condition shifts the relation itself.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
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各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
Use the terms precisely
- short-run Phillips curve: A conditional short-run relationship between inflation and unemployment with expectations and supply conditions specified.
- policy conflict 政策目标冲突: A situation in which pursuing one objective makes another harder to achieve under the stated conditions.
A fictional short-run illustration with fixed expectations follows inflation π=8−u, where u is unemployment in percentage points. At u=6%, π=2%; at u=4%, π=4%. This is a movement, not evidence of a permanent two-point policy exchange. If supply costs or expectations instead shift the illustrative relation to π=10−u, then at u=6% inflation is 4%; the old curve no longer applies. A separate exporter keeps nominal exchange rates unchanged and raises its domestic price 100→110 while the competitor stays 100: relative price rises 10%, which may weaken demand if buyers can substitute. It does not prove an exact current-account loss. A growth project raises owners’ income 80→100 and workers’ income 20→22: both gain but the owners/workers ratio rises 4→4.55. Aggregate growth does not settle distribution.
The linear Phillips equation is an invented teaching schedule, not an estimated country relationship. Unemployment has structural and frictional components, while inflation can reflect imported costs and expectations. Do not apply the short-run curve to long-run policy or interpret correlation as a complete causal explanation. Trade responses also depend on non-price quality, contracts, exchange rates, foreign demand and import costs. Growth and environmental protection can complement each other if cleaner methods reduce damage; regulation has implementation costs too. Redistributive taxes, training and access to assets can alter distribution but may affect incentives. Weigh time lags and affected groups instead of asserting that every objective pair necessarily conflicts.
With expectations and supply conditions fixed, stronger aggregate demand can raise output and employment while increasing wage/price pressure: the short-run Phillips curve represents a possible inverse inflation/unemployment relationship. A movement along that curve differs from a shift after changed expected inflation or supply costs. An adverse supply shock can raise both inflation and unemployment, so there is no stable permanent menu that policy can exploit without consequences.