消費、貯蓄、比率の変化
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| savings ratio/ˈseɪvɪŋz ˈreɪʃɪəʊ/ | 貯蓄率 |
| wealth effect/welθ ɪˈfekt/ | 富の効果 |
A decision you can investigate
- Households can respond to uncertainty by saving more, even with unchanged current income. An increase in wealth can affect spending without being the same as an increase in monthly income.
- Trace which determinant changes.
Build the explanation
- Consumption depends on disposable income, interest rates, consumer confidence, welfare payments, wealth and access to credit. Disposable income is available after relevant taxes and transfers; saving is the part not consumed in the stated simplified household account. A savings ratio 储蓄率 is saving divided by disposable income, usually expressed as a percentage.
- A ratio over the whole income amount is an average, unlike a marginal propensity calculated from changes. Higher interest rates can discourage borrowing and reward saving, but they also change income for savers and borrowers. Welfare changes affect recipients’ disposable income; a wealth effect 财富效应 can influence spending independently of current income. Credit availability and confidence condition every channel.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional household has disposable income 1000, consumption 800 and saving 200. Saving ratio=200/1000×100=20%. In a later comparable period, disposable income 1100 and consumption 875 give saving 225; ratio=225/1100×100≈20.45%.
- The marginal propensity to consume over this change is ΔC/ΔYd=(875−800)/(1100−1000)=0.75. The marginal propensity to save is 0.25, not the later average ratio 0.2045. Separately, if concern about future employment lowers consumption to 750 at the original income 1000, saving becomes 250 and the ratio 25%; at unchanged prices this weakens the C component of AD. It does not prove every household responds identically.
原始貯蓄とは何か？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
可処分所得 1000 から消費支出 800 を差し引くと 200 となる。
Test the limits
- A higher savings ratio may reflect uncertainty, retirement planning, interest, reduced credit access or income distribution. More saving can finance investment, but investment needs willing borrowers and expected demand. A sudden fall in spending can weaken activity and income, so intended additional saving need not become the same additional realized saving across the economy.
- Distinguish a household’s stock of wealth from its income flow. Consider debt service and who gains from an interest-rate change. An average ratio alone does not identify the cause or the multiplier’s marginal parameters.
指定された変化に対する限界消費性向はいくらか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
増加分の消費支出 75 を増加分の可処分所得 100 で割ると 0.75 となる。
平均貯蓄率を常に限界貯蓄性向に置き換えることができる。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
分子と分母が異なるため、同じ値である必要はない。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why is the later 20.45% savings ratio different from the 25% marginal propensity to save?
- The ratio divides all 225 saving by all 1100 income; the marginal measure divides extra 25 saving by extra 100 income.
当期可処分所得の変化なしでCを変化させるものは何か？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
信頼感、資産価値、信用は独立した決定要因である。
Use the terms precisely
- savings ratio: Saving as a share of disposable income over the stated period.
- wealth effect: A change in spending associated with a change in the value of household assets, other relevant factors held constant.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
A fictional household has disposable income 1000, consumption 800 and saving 200. Saving ratio=200/1000×100=20%. In a later comparable period, disposable income 1100 and consumption 875 give saving 225; ratio=225/1100×100≈20.45%. The marginal propensity to consume over this change is ΔC/ΔYd=(875−800)/(1100−1000)=0.75. The marginal propensity to save is 0.25, not the later average ratio 0.2045. Separately, if concern about future employment lowers consumption to 750 at the original income 1000, saving becomes 250 and the ratio 25%; at unchanged prices this weakens the C component of AD. It does not prove every household responds identically.
A higher savings ratio may reflect uncertainty, retirement planning, interest, reduced credit access or income distribution. More saving can finance investment, but investment needs willing borrowers and expected demand. A sudden fall in spending can weaken activity and income, so intended additional saving need not become the same additional realized saving across the economy. Distinguish a household’s stock of wealth from its income flow. Consider debt service and who gains from an interest-rate change. An average ratio alone does not identify the cause or the multiplier’s marginal parameters.
Consumption depends on disposable income, interest rates, consumer confidence, welfare payments, wealth and access to credit. Disposable income is available after relevant taxes and transfers; saving is the part not consumed in the stated simplified household account. A savings ratio is saving divided by disposable income, usually expressed as a percentage.