労働参加率と隠れた余剰
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| economic inactivity/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk ɪnækˈtɪvɪti/ | 経済的非活動状態 |
| time-related underemployment/taɪm rɪˈleɪtɪd ˌʌndəremˈplɔɪmənt/ | 時間関連の不足雇用 |
A decision you can investigate
- A lower unemployment rate may reflect people finding jobs, or people leaving the labour force. A person with a paid job may still want and be available for more hours.
- Headline rates need flows and classification evidence.
Build the explanation
- In the ILO framework, unemployment generally concerns working-age people not employed, seeking employment and available to take it within the specified reference periods. The labour force comprises employed plus unemployed people; others are outside it: economic inactivity 经济非活动状态. Employment can include temporarily absent jobholders, and working at least an hour for pay/profit can count under the applicable framework. Underemployment concerns employed people whose work is insufficient, such as wanting and being available for more hours; it is not the same as being unemployed.
- Frictional unemployment arises during job matching; seasonal from recurring activity patterns; structural from mismatched skills/location; demand-deficient from weak spending; real-wage inflexibility can prevent adjustment in a stated labour-market model. Identify the mechanism rather than assigning a category from unemployment duration alone.
Work through the evidence
- A fictional working-age group has 1000 people: employed 720, unemployed 80, inactive 200. Labour force=720+80=800. Unemployment rate=80/800×100=10%; employment-to-population ratio=720/1000×100=72%; inactivity rate=200/1000×100=20%. If 20 unemployed people stop seeking while employment stays 720, unemployed becomes 60 and inactive 220. New unemployment rate=60/780×100≈7.69%, with no new jobs.
- Suppose 30 of the 720 employed want and are available for more hours under the stated measure: they remain employed while showing time-related underemployment 时间相关就业不足. Net migration of 100 jobseekers initially raises labour supply, but employment depends on demand, skills, investment and later spending; neither rising unemployment nor one-for-one job displacement follows automatically.
元々の失業者比率の分母は何か？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
この比率は、失業者数を就業者数と失業者数の合計で除算する。
Test the limits
- Specific age, job-search and availability windows follow the survey and standard used; do not equate benefit claimants with survey unemployment. ILO framework explains the classification; underutilization covers wider slack.
- Unemployment can lower household income and demand, reduce firms’ sales, weaken skills and wellbeing, lower tax receipts and raise benefit spending. Idle resources can place output inside a PPF, without necessarily shrinking capacity immediately. Migration can add skills, entrepreneurship and spending, but adjustment, housing and training matter. Compare employment, inactivity, hours and participation as well as the unemployment rate.
例題において、20 人の失業者が非活動者となる場合、何個の雇用が減少するか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
雇用数は全体を通じて 720 のままである。
Employment 以外のすべての人は失業者としてカウントされる。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
失業者比率には探求・利用可能性の基準も用いられ、多くの人が労働外である。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does the new 7.69% unemployment rate fail to prove better job creation?
- Employment remains 720; the fall comes from 20 people leaving the labour force and a smaller unemployment numerator.
構造的不況を最も適切に説明するメカニズムはどれか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
構造変化により、利用可能な労働力が求人に一致しなくなることがある。
Use the terms precisely
- economic inactivity: Being outside the labour force rather than classified as employed or unemployed.
- time-related underemployment: Employed people want and are available for more work hours under the stated statistical criteria.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
A fictional working-age group has 1000 people: employed 720, unemployed 80, inactive 200. Labour force=720+80=800. Unemployment rate=80/800×100=10%; employment-to-population ratio=720/1000×100=72%; inactivity rate=200/1000×100=20%. If 20 unemployed people stop seeking while employment stays 720, unemployed becomes 60 and inactive 220. New unemployment rate=60/780×100≈7.69%, with no new jobs. Suppose 30 of the 720 employed want and are available for more hours under the stated measure: they remain employed while showing time-related underemployment. Net migration of 100 jobseekers initially raises labour supply, but employment depends on demand, skills, investment and later spending; neither rising unemployment nor one-for-one job displacement follows automatically.
Specific age, job-search and availability windows follow the survey and standard used; do not equate benefit claimants with survey unemployment. ILO framework explains the classification; underutilization covers wider slack. Unemployment can lower household income and demand, reduce firms’ sales, weaken skills and wellbeing, lower tax receipts and raise benefit spending. Idle resources can place output inside a PPF, without necessarily shrinking capacity immediately. Migration can add skills, entrepreneurship and spending, but adjustment, housing and training matter. Compare employment, inactivity, hours and participation as well as the unemployment rate.
In the ILO framework, unemployment generally concerns working-age people not employed, seeking employment and available to take it within the specified reference periods. The labour force comprises employed plus unemployed people; others are outside it: economic inactivity. Employment can include temporarily absent jobholders, and working at least an hour for pay/profit can count under the applicable framework. Underemployment concerns employed people whose work is insufficient, such as wanting and being available for more hours; it is not the same as being unemployed.