GDP、GNIおよび比較可能な実質所得
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| gross national income/ɡrəʊs ˈnæʃənl ˈɪŋkʌm/ | 国民総所得 |
| purchasing-power parity/ˈpɜːtʃɪsɪŋ ˈpaʊə ˈpærɪti/ | 購買力平価 |
A decision you can investigate
- A larger money value of output may reflect higher prices or more people rather than higher output per person.
- Choose a measure that answers the comparison being made.
Build the explanation
- GDP measures production within an economy over a period. Nominal GDP values it at current prices; a real or volume measure removes price changes using a stated reference-price/index method. Gross national income 国民总收入 (GNI) adds net primary income received from abroad to GDP: it concerns resident income, not simply citizenship. Total measures describe the whole economy; per-capita measures divide by population.
- Compare growth using equivalent real measures, periods and bases. A level and a growth rate answer different questions. Purchasing-power parity 购买力平价 adjusts currency comparisons for differences in price levels; market exchange conversion answers a different question and can change rankings.
Work through the evidence
- Fictional nominal GDP rises from 1000 to 1133; the GDP deflator rises from 100 to 110. Real GDP=nominal GDP ÷ deflator × 100, so final real output=1133/110×100=1030. Nominal growth is 13.3%, but real growth is 3%. Population rises from 50 to 52; real GDP per head moves from 1000/50=20 to 1030/52≈19.81, a fall of about 0.96%.
- With primary income received 40 and paid 70, final GNI=1133+40−70=1103 in current-price units. For a separate country comparison, A has 60000 local units per head and a PPP conversion factor of 3 local units per international dollar:20000 international dollars. B has 12000 and a PPP factor 0.8:15000. These differ from market conversions of 6 and 1 local units per US dollar, which would give 10000 and 12000 US dollars.
指定された基準価格における最終実質GDPはいくらか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
1133を110で割り、それを100に掛けよ。
例示において1103是哪一种指標？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
純一次所得40 − 70を名目GDP1133に加算する。
正の実質GDP成長が、必ずしも一人あたり実質GDPの増加を意味するわけではない。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
人口は総実質生産量よりも速く増加することがある。
Test the limits
- The deflator is not automatically the consumer-price index: it covers domestic production rather than only household purchases. A second-hand asset transfer is not newly produced output, though a current transaction service can count. Capital gains are not new production.
- PPP estimates depend on baskets, coverage and methods; per-capita averages hide distribution. Never compare the fictional international-dollar values with actual country data without matching definitions and dates. Real growth does not alone prove improved wellbeing.
架空の比較において、哪一国がPPP調整後の所得が高いか？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
市場為替レートではなく、各指定されたPPP変換係数を使用せよ。
Apply and explain your answer
- How can total real output rise while real output per person falls?
- Population grows faster than real output: here 4% population growth exceeds 3% real-output growth.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
Use the terms precisely
- gross national income: GDP plus net primary income received from abroad by residents.
- purchasing-power parity: A currency comparison adjusted for the prices of comparable goods and services.
Fictional nominal GDP rises from 1000 to 1133; the GDP deflator rises from 100 to 110. Real GDP=nominal GDP ÷ deflator × 100, so final real output=1133/110×100=1030. Nominal growth is 13.3%, but real growth is 3%. Population rises from 50 to 52; real GDP per head moves from 1000/50=20 to 1030/52≈19.81, a fall of about 0.96%. With primary income received 40 and paid 70, final GNI=1133+40−70=1103 in current-price units. For a separate country comparison, A has 60000 local units per head and a PPP conversion factor of 3 local units per international dollar:20000 international dollars. B has 12000 and a PPP factor 0.8:15000. These differ from market conversions of 6 and 1 local units per US dollar, which would give 10000 and 12000 US dollars.
The deflator is not automatically the consumer-price index: it covers domestic production rather than only household purchases. A second-hand asset transfer is not newly produced output, though a current transaction service can count. Capital gains are not new production. PPP estimates depend on baskets, coverage and methods; per-capita averages hide distribution. Never compare the fictional international-dollar values with actual country data without matching definitions and dates. Real growth does not alone prove improved wellbeing.
GDP measures production within an economy over a period. Nominal GDP values it at current prices; a real or volume measure removes price changes using a stated reference-price/index method. Gross national income (GNI) adds net primary income received from abroad to GDP: it concerns resident income, not simply citizenship. Total measures describe the whole economy; per-capita measures divide by population.