補助金受取、支出および配分
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| public expenditure/ˈpʌblɪk ekˈspendɪtʃə/ | 公的支出 |
| subsidy incidence/ˈsʌbsɪdi ˈɪnsɪdəns/ | 補助金帰着 |
A decision you can investigate
- A public payment supports suppliers, while competition can also lower the price buyers pay.
- The recipient of the cheque need not receive the entire economic benefit.
Build the explanation
- A per-unit subsidy creates a reverse wedge: seller receipt Ps equals buyer price Pb plus subsidy s. Supply responds to the receipt; demand responds to the paid price. Public expenditure 公共支出 is s times eligible post-subsidy output.
- The benefit split depends on relative responsiveness. Less elastic demand can give consumers more of the price benefit; less elastic supply can leave more with producers. Market power, eligibility and contract terms can change the simple model.
Work through the evidence
- Use the original Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P, with P=30,Q=60. Subsidy 12 gives Ps=Pb+12. Set 120−2Pb=2(Pb+12): Pb=24, Ps=36,Q=72.
- Buyers save 6 per unit and sellers gain 6 in receipt. Public cost = 12 × 72 = 864. CS=½ × 36 × 72=1296 and PS=½ × 36 × 72=1296. Net of the public payment, gains are 2592−864=1728, below original 1800 in this no-external-benefit model. More trades alone do not establish greater net welfare.
この補助金後、購買者が支払う価格はどれか？
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需要曲線と補助付き供給曲線は、購買者価格 24 で交差する。
規定された受給資格条件下での公的費用は何か？
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全 72 単位の分が 12 を受け取る：864。
販売者が受け取る補助金は、必ずしも販売者のみに利益をもたらすわけではない。
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市場の調整は、購買者の価格を下げるだけでなく、販売者の手取りも上げることができる。
Test the limits
- The equal benefit split is specific to the symmetric curves. A subsidy addressing external benefits may move output closer to the social optimum instead of creating inefficient extra output.
- Public funds have alternative uses. Funding, targeting, fraud risk and administrative costs matter. A producer subsidy is not the same as handing every consumer the same cash sum; show both prices and the output actually supported.
なぜ私的余剰の増大部分は、純福利増大を証明するために不十分なのか？
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比較には、私的利益だけでなく、資金調達と外部効果を含める必要がある。
Apply and explain your answer
- Why is a subsidy paid on all 72 units costlier than paying only for the 12 extra units?
- The stated eligibility covers all post-subsidy output, including units that would already have been supplied.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
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各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
Use the terms precisely
- subsidy incidence 补贴收益归宿: The distribution of a subsidy’s economic benefit between market participants.
- public expenditure: Spending by government on services, transfers or other activity.
Use the original Qd=120−2P and Qs=2P, with P=30,Q=60. Subsidy 12 gives Ps=Pb+12. Set 120−2Pb=2(Pb+12): Pb=24, Ps=36,Q=72. Buyers save 6 per unit and sellers gain 6 in receipt. Public cost = 12 × 72 = 864. CS=½ × 36 × 72=1296 and PS=½ × 36 × 72=1296. Net of the public payment, gains are 2592−864=1728, below original 1800 in this no-external-benefit model. More trades alone do not establish greater net welfare.
The equal benefit split is specific to the symmetric curves. A subsidy addressing external benefits may move output closer to the social optimum instead of creating inefficient extra output. Public funds have alternative uses. Funding, targeting, fraud risk and administrative costs matter. A producer subsidy is not the same as handing every consumer the same cash sum; show both prices and the output actually supported.
A per-unit subsidy creates a reverse wedge: seller receipt Ps equals buyer price Pb plus subsidy s. Supply responds to the receipt; demand responds to the paid price. Public expenditure is s times eligible post-subsidy output.