所得および代替財・補完財への価格応答
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| cross elasticity of demand/krɒs ɪlæˈstɪsɪti ɒv dɪˈmænd/ | 需要相互弾力性 |
| income elasticity of demand/ˈɪŋkʌm ɪlæˈstɪsɪti ɒv dɪˈmænd/ | 需要所得弾力性 |
A decision you can investigate
- A rail operator considers forecasts based on incomes and the price of a competing coach service.
- Own-price, income and another product’s price are three different stimuli.
Build the explanation
- YED = percentage quantity-demanded change divided by percentage income change. Positive values identify normal goods, negative values inferior goods for the observed group/range. Positive magnitude above 1 is income-elastic; between 0 and 1 income-inelastic; zero means no response. Perfect income elasticity is a theoretical limiting case of arbitrarily large responsiveness to a tiny income change.
- XED = percentage demand change for A divided by percentage price change of B. Positive XED suggests substitutes, negative complements, and approximately zero little measured relationship. Magnitude indicates responsiveness, not whether two products are physically similar.
Work through the evidence
- Income rises from 3000 to 3300, or 10%; rail journeys rise from 40 to 46, or 15%. YED=15/10=1.5: an income-elastic normal service in this observation.
- Coach fare rises 8%, while rail demand rises 4% with other conditions unchanged: XED rail relative to coach = 4/8=0.5, consistent with substitution. If parking becomes 10% dearer and car journeys fall 3%, XED car journeys relative to parking = −3/10=−0.3, consistent with complementarity.
所得の場合における鉄道YED是多少？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
需要が 15% 増加する一方、所得が 10% 増加する。
Test the limits
- A product can change category across income groups or ranges. An inferior classification describes the income response, not defective quality. XED of A to B need not equal XED of B to A.
- Business forecasts need population, prices and confidence too; simultaneous changes can confound attribution. A government assessing indirect taxes or subsidies should ask whether consumers can switch and who bears the cost, not simply read a sign as a complete recommendation.
補完財に対して期待される符号は何か？
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
より高価な補完財は、関連する財の需要を減少させることがある。
分子にどの商品を配置しても、相互弾力性は同じ値でなければならない。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
需要と価格のベースおよび反応の割合は異なることがある。
Apply and explain your answer
- What does the positive cross response between coach fare and rail demand suggest?
- Some passengers treat the two services as substitutes; rail demand increases when coach fare rises.
YEDが−0.4であることは
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
負の所得反応が分類を区別する。
Use the terms precisely
- cross elasticity of demand 需求交叉弹性: Percentage demand change for one good relative to percentage price change of another.
- income elasticity of demand 需求收入弹性: Percentage demand change relative to percentage income change.
用語とそれぞれの意味を結びつけよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
各用語を、その明示された経済的関係に用いること。
Income rises from 3000 to 3300, or 10%; rail journeys rise from 40 to 46, or 15%. YED=15/10=1.5: an income-elastic normal service in this observation. Coach fare rises 8%, while rail demand rises 4% with other conditions unchanged: XED rail relative to coach = 4/8=0.5, consistent with substitution. If parking becomes 10% dearer and car journeys fall 3%, XED car journeys relative to parking = −3/10=−0.3, consistent with complementarity.
A product can change category across income groups or ranges. An inferior classification describes the income response, not defective quality. XED of A to B need not equal XED of B to A. Business forecasts need population, prices and confidence too; simultaneous changes can confound attribution. A government assessing indirect taxes or subsidies should ask whether consumers can switch and who bears the cost, not simply read a sign as a complete recommendation.
YED = percentage quantity-demanded change divided by percentage income change. Positive values identify normal goods, negative values inferior goods for the observed group/range. Positive magnitude above 1 is income-elastic; between 0 and 1 income-inelastic; zero means no response. Perfect income elasticity is a theoretical limiting case of arbitrarily large responsiveness to a tiny income change.