Health evidence: physical and mental well-being interact
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| health/helθ/ | 健康 |
| incidence/ˈɪnsɪdəns/ | 発症率 |
What would explain this observation?
- A person can have no recorded infectious disease and still have poor health 健康. Health includes physical and mental well-being and is affected by wider circumstances.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Both communicable and non-communicable diseases can reduce well-being. Diet, stress and life situations also affect health. Different conditions can interact: impaired immune defence can increase infections, some viruses can trigger cancers, an immune reaction initiated by a pathogen can trigger allergy, and severe physical illness can contribute to depression or other mental illness.
- health: Physical and mental well-being; incidence 发病情况: New disease occurrences in a defined population and interval.
Which comparison is most useful for unequal population sizes?
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
A rate per 1,000 people over a stated interval puts different-sized populations on the same footing. Raw counts reward bigger areas, and a place name carries no data at all.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- An incidence comparison needs a population denominator and time period. A scatter diagram can show an association between two variables, but an association alone does not establish direction or cause. Selection, access to diagnosis, age and other factors can change recorded rates.
- Use anonymized fictional population tables, not students’ private health information. Define a new case, the surveyed population and interval. Convert counts to comparable rates, choose a suitable chart and explain how the sampling method may miss groups. State what the evidence supports before discussing possible mechanisms.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: area A records 30 new cases in 1,500 people during a year, or 20 per 1,000. Area B records 50 in 5,000, or 10 per 1,000. Area B has more counted cases but a smaller recorded rate. The comparison still needs consistent case definitions and observation periods.
A fictional area records 24 new cases among 1,200 people. Calculate cases per 1,000. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
A fictional area records 24 new cases among 1,200 people. Calculate cases per 1,000.
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
The result is 20 per 1,000. Known: 24 new cases among 1,200 people. Use rate = cases / population x 1,000. Rate = 24/1,200 x 1,000 = 20 cases per 1,000 people. Consistent case definitions and periods are still required.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Mental well-being is part of health, not merely an optional addition. Correlation does not prove that one factor is the only cause, and a self-selected sample may not represent the wider population.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
Absence of an infectious disease proves complete physical and mental well-being. This claim is false: Health is a state of physical AND mental well-being, not merely the absence of infection. Someone free of infectious disease can still be in poor physical or mental health.
Health evidence: physical and mental well-being interact: An incidence comparison needs a population denominator and time period. A scatter diagram can show an association between two variables, but an association alone does not establish direction or cause. Selection, access to diagnosis, age and other factors can change recorded rates.
Absence of an infectious disease proves complete physical and mental well-being.
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Health is a state of physical AND mental well-being, not merely the absence of infection. Someone free of infectious disease can still be in poor physical or mental health.
Physical and mental well-being: write the technical term.
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
health means Physical and mental well-being.