Disease transmission and immune response
導入済み| English | 意味 |
|---|---|
| pathogen/ˈpæθədʒn/ | 病原体 |
| antigen/ˈæntɪdʒen/ | 抗原 |
What would explain this observation?
- An antibiotic may help against a bacterial infection but fail against a viral illness. Treatment depends on the causal organism and the evidence supporting diagnosis.
- Start with a prediction. State the quantities or features you would compare, then decide what evidence could distinguish two explanations.
Build the model
- Pathogens 病原体 cause infectious disease. Physical barriers, phagocytosis and specific immune responses reduce infection. Antibodies bind particular antigens 抗原. Vaccination exposes the immune system to antigen safely enough to develop memory.
- pathogen: An agent that causes disease; antigen: A structure recognized by a specific immune response.
What explains the spread of antibiotic resistance?
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Resistance spreads because resistant variants survive antibiotic treatment and reproduce, so their proportion rises; this is selection acting on existing variation. Bacteria do not change their genes deliberately, and antibiotics have no effect that turns viruses into bacteria.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- After vaccination, memory cells can support a faster secondary response. Antibiotic resistance arises through heritable variation and selection; an individual bacterium does not choose to become resistant because it needs to survive.
- Use published infection data to compare rates per equal population size. Distinguish prevalence at a time from new cases over a period. In school, use safe simulations or approved cultures rather than collecting unknown pathogens.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- State the known values and their units. Choose the relation because its assumptions fit this case, then rearrange before substitution.
- Known: 18 cases occur in 900 people. Rate per 1,000 = cases / population × 1,000. Rate = 18/900 × 1,000 = 20 cases per 1,000. A second group with 10 cases in 250 people has 40 per 1,000, even though it has fewer cases.
12 cases occur among 600 people. Find cases per 1,000 people. Use the same sequence: known quantities → model → relation → substitution → unit and interpretation.
12 cases occur among 600 people. Find cases per 1,000 people.
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
The result is 20 . Known: 12 cases among 600 people. Use rate per 1,000 = cases / population x 1,000. Rate = 12/600 x 1,000 = 20 cases per 1,000 people. Rates per equal population size allow a fair comparison between groups of different size.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Antibiotics do not act on viruses in the same way they act on bacteria. A vaccine is not an immediate cure for an established infection.
- Return to the original observation. Explain what the result supports, which conditions it assumes, and one way to test a competing explanation.
Every antibiotic is effective against every viral infection. This claim is false: Antibiotics act on bacterial structures and processes that viruses do not have, so they cannot cure a viral infection. Using them against viruses adds selection pressure for resistance without benefit.
Disease transmission and immune response: After vaccination, memory cells can support a faster secondary response. Antibiotic resistance arises through heritable variation and selection; an individual bacterium does not choose to become resistant because it needs to survive.
Every antibiotic is effective against every viral infection.
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
Antibiotics act on bacterial structures and processes that viruses do not have, so they cannot cure a viral infection. Using them against viruses adds selection pressure for resistance without benefit.
An agent that causes disease: write the technical term.
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pathogen means An agent that causes disease.