The belief in progress was already cracking
- The widely held belief in progress characteristic of much of 19th-century thought began to break down before World War I.
- Before is the key word — the war accelerated a breakdown that was already under way, as 7.5 recorded.
- So dating the loss of confidence to 1914 is a mistake the CED explicitly forecloses.
進歩への信念は崩れ始め...
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
戦争はすでに進行していた崩壊を加速させた。
Confidence and uncertainty at once
- When World War I began, Europeans were generally confident in the ability of science and technology to address human needs and problems despite the uncertainty created by the new scientific theories and psychology.
- Despite is the hinge: public confidence and specialist uncertainty coexisted.
- That is a more interesting claim than either alone, and it is exactly what 8.1's third thread predicts.
1914年には、科学に対する公衆の信頼と専門家の不確実性が共存していた。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
「尽管（Despite）」はCEDの文の鍵となる接続詞である。
Physics opens a door, twice
- The challenge to the certainties of the Newtonian universe in physics opened the door to uncertainty in other fields by undermining faith in objective knowledge while also providing the knowledge necessary for the development of nuclear weapons and power.
- One development, two consequences: a philosophical one and a material one, and the CED puts them in one sentence.
- While also refuses to separate the intellectual history from the weapon.
戦前、物理学から、それとも戦争自体からか？
既存の理解に対する各挑戦を分類せよ。
ニュートン力学の确定性に対する挑戦による 両方 の結果を選べ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
哲学的帰結と物質的帰結を、一つの文で述べる。
Do not date the loss of confidence to 1914. The CED says the belief in progress began to break down before World War I, and that Europeans were generally confident... despite the uncertainty created by the new scientific theories and psychology — public confidence and specialist doubt coexisted.
このサブトピックにおいて、CEDが第一次世界大戦に与えた影響としてすべて該当するものを選択せよ。
難易度 2/5 · 140 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
CEDは、cynicismと民主化を結びつけている。
A lost generation, and a change for women
- World War I created a "lost generation" and fostered disillusionment and cynicism, while it transformed the lives of women, and democratised societies.
- During the world wars, women became increasingly involved in military and political mobilisation, as well as in economic production.
- The same war produced cynicism and democratisation — the CED holds both without resolving the tension.
世界大戦中、女性は軍事および政治の動員 increasingly に参加し、経済 ____ にも関わるようになった。
難易度 1/5 · 100 コイン + 今日初回完了時に小ボーナス付与
CED自身の箇条書きで記録されている変化。
Challenged understandings
- The objective is how the events of the first half of the 20th century challenged existing social, cultural, and intellectual understandings.
- Social: class hierarchies undermined, women's roles transformed, societies democratised.
- Intellectual: progress doubted before the war, Newtonian certainty challenged, objective knowledge in question.
A society can hold two beliefs at once: that its instruments will solve its problems, and that its best thinkers no longer agree on what an instrument measures. The first belief survives in public until an event tests it. Then both are visible at the same time.
The widely held belief in progress began to break down before World War I, and Europeans were generally confident in science and technology despite the uncertainty created by new scientific theories and psychology. The challenge to the certainties of the Newtonian universe opened the door to uncertainty in other fields by undermining faith in objective knowledge while also providing the knowledge necessary for nuclear weapons and power. The war created a "lost generation", fostered disillusionment and cynicism, transformed the lives of women, and democratised societies.