TOEFL iBT · トピック 4
13:26
ライティング：オリジナル教室実践
この追加資料では、3つのライティングタスク（文の構成、メールの作成、学術的な議論への参加）のためのオリジナルの教室実践を提供する……
英語ナレーション・英語＋中文字幕 burning-in
23分で、全12問に対し、3種類のタスクに対応します：文の構成、メールの作成、および学術的な議論への執筆です。 メール作成および学術的な議論への作文。
文を完成または補完させ、文法的に正しいものにするタスクです。
固定開始部: I wanted to ask whether ・塊: available / the room / still / is ・ 固定終了部: .
I wanted to ask whether the room is still available. もう一度ゆっくり読み返してください: これは 述語なので、終止符で終わり、疑問符ではありません。
| English | 日本語 |
|---|---|
| article/ˈɑːtɪkl/ | 冠詞 |
| agreement/əˈɡriːmənt/ | 一致 |
| tense/tens/ | 時制 |
| preposition/ˌprepəˈzɪʃn/ | 前置詞 |
| register/ˈredʒɪstə/ | 語域 |
| evidence/ˈevɪdəns/ | 証拠 |
役割を果たす短いメール：メッセージへの返信、依頼、問題の説明、断り（丁寧な拒否）など。 丁寧に断る場合も含む。
worked example. あなたの教授、李博士は、実験レポート提出期限を金曜日に変更した。あなたは木曜日と金曜日にフィールドトリップを行う。李博士へ書き出し、問題点を説明し解決策を求めること。
リー博士へ、
ラボレポートの新しい金曜日の提出期限についてお話ししたいと書いております。申し訳ありませんが、私は木曜日と金曜日に地質野外実習に参加する予定であり、山岳部では信頼できるインターネット利用ができない状況です（残念ながら、岩石にはWi-Fi機能はありません）。代わりに月曜朝に提出することは可能でしょうか、あるいは水曜日の早めにお渡しすることもできますか。どちらの案でも構いませんので、ご支援いただければ幸いです。
敬具、
メイ・チェン
4つの構成要素は以下の通りです：なぜ（新しい期限）、詳細（旅行とネット環境）、要望（2つの解決策を提示し教授に選択権を与える）、結び。文体は丁寧でやや遠回しな表現（Would it be possible, I would be grateful）を用いており、指導教員に対する適切なトーンです。ジョーク部分は小括弧1つだけであり、要求の内容を邪魔することはありません。
教授の質問と2人の学生の回答が表示され、あなたも自身の意見を添えて議論に参加します。 議論への参加です。
ワークドエグザンプル。 指導教員が質問します。「大学は全1年生にキャンパス内居住を義務付けるべきか？」アナはキャンパス内居住が学生同士の親睦形成に役立つと述べています。ベンはキャンパス住居が多くの家庭にとって高価すぎると述べています。
ベンのコストに関する指摘は理解できますが、真の問題は単一規則ではなく柔軟性にある我认为します。海外からの新入生にとって、キャンパス内居住は友人やサポートを素早く見つけられるため、1年目が残学与否を左右することがあります。しかし、10分圏内の地域に住む地元の学生にとってその恩恵は限定的です。したがって、全学生に居住を義務付けるのではなく、大学は都市外出身の1年生に限定して宿舎を割り当て、割引価格を提供すべきです。これにより、アナが指摘した社会的メリットを最も必要な層に届けることができ、ベンが提起したコスト問題にも対応できます。
この投稿は両方のクラスメイトの名前を挙げ、明確な立場を示し、新たなアイデア（遠方出身者のための宿舎確保）を追加しています。既存の投稿を単に繰り返すものではありません。各文章が議論を進めており、本投稿は100単語です。
ETSは各ライティング課題について独自の採点ガイドを発表しています；正確な表現のためにそれらを読んでください。 表現の下には、あなたの英語を注意深く読む者が4つのことに気づきますが、それらは 練習のための有用なチェックリストです（この表は学習補助資料であり、公式ルーブリックではありません）：
| What | ここでの意味 |
|---|---|
| Task completion（タスク完了） | プロンプトが求めたことをすべて行い、求められていないことは行っていないか |
| Organisation（構成） | 読者が戻ることなくあなたの主張を追跡できるか |
| Vocabulary（語彙） | 正確に使用された具体的な言葉。曖昧に使われた長い言葉ではない |
| Grammar（文法） | 正確な文。自然に聞こえる enough の多様性があるか |
| English | 日本語 |
|---|---|
| task completion/tæsk kəmˈpliːʃn/ | タスク完了 |
| organisation/ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | 構成 |
| vocabulary/vəʊˈkæbjʊləri/ | 語彙 |
| grammar/ˈɡræmə/ | 文法 |
語彙カードの意味
一致（アグリーメント）：動詞とその主語が数において一致すること。 時制：動作の時間を示す動詞の形。 タスク完了：回答が質問の要求をどれだけ完全に果たしているか。 組織化：作文の各部分がどのように配置されているか。
This supplement gives original classroom practice for all three tasks in the TOEFL Writing section: Build a Sentence, Write an Email and Write for an Academic Discussion. Every task, prompt and model here is invented for practice. Nothing here is an ETS question, and nothing here states official timings or scores.
Work in this order. First build four sentences yourself. Then read the explained answers. Then study one complete discussion model and two model emails. Finally, fix two weak sentences. Write your own answer before you read each explanation. Your attempt shows you which words are hard for you. The explanation then helps with that exact problem.
Each task gives you a fixed start and a fixed end. You must copy both exactly. Between them you place the chunks 词块, small groups of words. The chunks are printed in a mixed order, so you must find the correct order yourself.
Rules for every task:
Write all four sentences before you read this section. Compare your sentences with the answers, then read why each order is correct.
Could you tell me where the library is?
By itself, the question would put the verb 动词 before the subject: Where is the library? Inside this polite request, the order changes. After the question word 疑问词 where, the subject 主语 comes before the verb: the library is. This subject-before-verb order is the normal one inside a polite request. Each chunk is used once, and nothing else is added.
The notice that the tutor posted explains the new room rules.
The word that opens a relative clause 定语从句. This clause modifies 修饰 the given noun 名词 notice: it tells you which notice the sentence is about. Inside the clause, the subject comes before the verb: the tutor posted. After the clause, the fixed predicate 谓语 explains the new room rules completes the sentence.
The class moved to Room 12 because the projector was broken.
Because introduces the cause of the action in the main clause 主句. The cause keeps its own subject before its verb: the projector was broken. The stated cause stays complete, and no extra word is added between the fixed parts.
The draft must be submitted by Friday.
Must is a modal verb 情态动词. After it, be and the past participle 过去分词 submitted build the passive voice 被动语态: must + be + submitted. This order is fixed. The sentence is ordinary written English, and the fixed parts, the subject and the deadline by Friday, stay unchanged.
The discussion task gives you a professor's question and two classmates' replies. Your job is to add your own reply to that discussion. The prompt below is invented for practice, and it states its own invented details.
Professor: Our campus must choose one plan: keep the library open longer, or buy more e-books. For this discussion, imagine two invented details: the library now closes at 9 p.m., and each e-book licence might allow only one reader at a time. These details are made up for practice; your real campus may differ. Which plan would help students more, and why?
Mei: I support longer library hours. Many of us study best at night in a quiet place. If the library closed at midnight, students could work there after evening classes instead of going back to a noisy flat.
Daniel: I prefer more e-books. Students can read them anywhere, at any hour, even when the building is closed. An e-book collection can also grow without new rooms, while printed books can only sit on one shelf.
The reply below is one complete answer to the professor. Read it after you have written your own.
I support longer library hours, and I agree with Mei that a quiet place at night matters when you revise. Suppose the library stayed open until midnight during exam weeks. Students who share a noisy flat could revise there, and those who finish classes late would still find time to study. Daniel's point about reading anywhere is a real strength of e-books, but a screen is not a desk: long hours of reading tire my eyes, and a licence might allow only one reader at a time. If the campus could do both, that would be best; choosing one plan, I would pick the hours, because a quiet desk in the building solves a problem a download cannot. For students who need that desk late at night, the hours matter more.
The model states its position first, then agrees with Mei and develops the point with its own example and reason. Suppose marks the example as hypothetical 假设的, so the model claims nothing about how busy the real library is, or about real costs. It admits Daniel's point is partly right before answering it, so this reply answers a classmate as well as stating its own view. These are choices in this one reply, not rules for every answer: a different reply may agree with Daniel instead, or speak to only one classmate. The licence point keeps might, so the one-reader limit stays a possibility, not a fact. The last sentence names one clear group, students who need a quiet desk late at night, instead of claiming that longer hours help every reader. The model reply is in English, and it states no official timing, minimum or scale.
The email task gives you a situation and a short list of things your email must do. Write your own email first, then compare it with the model. These prompts and their details are invented for practice.
Situation: You borrowed a camera from your university's media centre for a class project. At home, you found that the battery charger was not in the bag. Write an email to the media centre. Explain the problem, say what you need, and ask what you should do when you return the camera.
A complete model email
Dear Media Centre staff,
I borrowed a camera (number 14) yesterday for a film project in my media studies class. When I opened the bag at home, I found that the battery charger was not inside, and the battery is now almost empty. Would it be possible to collect a charger tomorrow morning? I need to film on Thursday afternoon. Also, when I return the camera next week, should I bring it to the front desk or to the equipment room?
Thank you for your help.
Best regards,
Leo Wang
Why this model works. It does the three jobs in the order the prompt gives them: the problem (the charger was not inside), the need (collect a charger tomorrow morning, with the reason: filming on Thursday), and the question about the return. The small details, the camera number and the day, help the reader act quickly. The tone is polite and slightly indirect (Would it be possible), right for an office, and it does not blame anyone: was not inside, not you forgot the charger.
Situation: Your classmate Sara missed today's seminar because she was ill. Write to her. Tell her what the seminar covered, tell her about a change to next week's homework, and offer to help.
A complete model email
Hi Sara,
Sorry you were ill. I hope you're feeling better! Today's seminar was about how cities plan bike lanes, and we looked at two case studies, one from Copenhagen and one from Bogotá. One change: the reading for next week is now chapter 5, not chapter 4, and the short reflection is due on Tuesday instead of Monday. If you like, I can send you my notes tonight, or we could meet in the library on Friday to go through them.
See you soon,
Ana
Why this model works. It does the same three-job work with a different reader. To a classmate the register is direct and warm: Hi, Sorry you were ill, If you like, See you soon. The homework change gives both the old and the new detail (chapter 5, not chapter 4), so Sara cannot misread it. The offer gives her two choices, which is friendlier than one.
Each pair shows one weak sentence and one improved sentence with the same meaning. Cover the improved sentence and write your own correction first.
Choose a or an by the first sound, not the first letter. University begins with a /j/ sound, like the word you. So the article 冠词 before it is a, not an. The meaning of the sentence does not change.
One contrast 转折 word is enough here. Although already marks the contrast, so but is not needed as well. Keep although and drop but, or drop although and keep but: The email was short, but it answered both requests. The meaning stays the same.
一歩ずつ進め、即時チェック付きの問題で学習します。