Kelompok, hubungan, dan proses antar-kelompok
GRE Subject Test · GRE Psychology Topik 21 4:16 Narasi bahasa Inggris · Subtitle bahasa Inggris + 中文 disematkan langsung
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Diffusion of responsibility can reduce an individual's felt obligation when others could act.
责任分散可能降低个体在他人可采取行动时的责任感。
Pluralistic ignorance can make people interpret others' inaction as evidence that help is unnecessary.
多元无知可能使人们将他人的不作为解读为无需帮助的证据。
Cohesion can support cooperation but does not always improve judgement.
凝聚力可以支持合作，但并非总能改善判断力。
Group polarization concerns a shift toward an initially favoured direction; groupthink concerns decision processes that suppress critical evaluation.
群体极化涉及向最初偏好的方向偏移。 群体思维涉及抑制批判性评估的决策过程。
Intergroup explanations must examine structures, norms and contact conditions, not assume every member shares one attitude.
群际解释必须考察结构、规范和接触条件，而不能假设每个成员都持有相同的态度。
Groups change performance.
群体改变表现。
Social facilitation: the presence of others strengthens dominant responses, helping well-learned tasks and hurting novel ones.
社会助长：他人在场会强化优势反应，有助于已熟练掌握的任务，但损害新异任务的表现。 社会懈怠：当个人贡献无法被识别时，努力程度下降。
Social loafing: effort falls when individual contributions are unidentifiable.
群体思维：高凝聚力的群体在压力下压制异议，导致决策失误。
Groupthink: cohesive groups under pressure suppress dissent and reach poor decisions; deindividuation: anonymity in a crowd lowers self-restraint.
去个性化：人群中的匿名性会降低自我约束。 人际吸引首先由邻近性预测，即物理或功能上的接近，例如在同一宿舍楼层交朋友。
Attraction is predicted first by propinquity — physical or functional proximity, as in making friends on the same dorm floor — then similarity and reciprocal liking; mere exposure breeds familiarity-based liking.
其次是相似性和相互喜欢。 单纯接触会产生基于熟悉度的好感。
Social exchange theory reads relationships as outcomes minus costs against a comparison level; interdependence analyses use each partner's payoff structure.
社会交换理论将人际关系解读为结果减去成本与比较水平的差值。 相互依赖分析则使用每位参与者的收益结构。
Separate the intergroup trio: stereotypes are beliefs about groups, prejudice is evaluative affect, discrimination is behaviour.
将群体间三角分开：刻板印象是对群体的信念，偏见是评价性情感，歧视是行为。
The minimal-group paradigm shows in-group favouritism from arbitrary assignment alone; realistic conflict theory ties hostility to competition over resources; the contact hypothesis reduces prejudice under equal status, common goals and cooperative contact, not mere exposure.
最小群体范式表明，仅凭任意分配就会产生内群体偏好；现实冲突理论将敌意与资源竞争联系起来；接触假说指出，在地位平等、共同目标和合作接触的条件下可以减少偏见，而非仅仅通过暴露。
The bystander effect: help falls as witnesses increase, through diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance (each reads others' calm as no emergency).
旁观者效应：随着目击者增加，援助减少，这是责任扩散和多元无知造成的，即每个人都把别人的平静解读为没有紧急情况。
Aggression research links frustration to aggression and shows how residual arousal (excitation transfer) can escalate conflict; altruism is helped by clear identification of a single victim.
攻击性研究将挫折与攻击联系起来，并展示了残留唤醒或兴奋转移如何升级冲突；明确识别单个受害者有助于利他行为。
Several witnesses wait because each thinks another will call for help.
多名目击者因认为他人会求助而等待。
Name the mechanism and distinguish it from believing no help is needed.
请命名该机制，并将其与“认为无需帮助”区分开。
Expecting someone else to act fits diffusion of responsibility.
期待他人行动符合责任扩散。
Interpreting everyone else's calm as evidence there is no emergency fits pluralistic ignorance.
将他人的平静解读为无紧急情况的证据，符合多元无知。
The case needs their accounts or an appropriate manipulation to distinguish mechanisms; mere group size does not establish either.
此案例需依赖当事人的陈述或适当的实验操纵来区分这两种机制；仅凭群体规模无法确立其中任何一种。
Diffusion of responsibility: each witness is less likely to help as the crowd grows.
责任分散：旁观者越多，每个人出手帮助的可能性越小。
Read the labels before drawing a conclusion.
先读清标签，再下结论。
A group makes a more extreme decision after discussion.
群体在讨论后会做出更极端的决定。
Give evidence needed to identify polarization and one alternative process.
请给出识别极化所需的证据以及另一种替代过程。
Pause before the model.
请先暂停，完成这道原创练习再继续。
Measure initial individual positions and compare the final group/individual positions on the same scale.
测量初始个体立场，并在同一量表上比较最终的群体或个体立场。
A shift further in the initially preferred direction fits polarization.
若向最初偏好的方向进一步偏移，则符合极化现象。
If dissent was suppressed to maintain agreement, groupthink may also be relevant, but extremity alone does not establish it.
如果为维持一致而压制了异议，群体思维也可能相关，但仅凭极端性本身无法确立该概念。
Record decision procedures and contrary evidence considered.
记录决策程序及所考虑的相反证据。
Writing stereotype, prejudice and discrimination as synonyms, or promising that any contact fixes prejudice; contact works under conditions, not by default.
将刻板印象、偏见和歧视作为同义词使用，或承诺任何接触都能消除偏见。 接触仅在特定条件下有效，而非默认生效。
State the source and the limits.
请说明来源与局限性。
Individual effort falls in a larger group.
个体努力在大型群体中下降。
What comparison distinguishes social loafing from a coordination loss?
哪种比较能够区分社会惰化与协调损失？
Pause and write a justified answer.
请先暂停，写出有依据的答案再继续。