Topik 5: Homeostasis dan respons
AQA · GCSE · Biology Topik 5 1:02:02 Narasi bahasa Inggris · Subtitle bahasa Inggris + 中文 disematkan langsung
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Follow detection, coordination and response.
按感受、协调及反应解释。
A spinal withdrawal reflex and a visual reaction are different contexts.
脊髓协调的缩手反射与视觉反应是不同情境。
The definition needs both regulation of internal conditions and a purpose; “keeping things the same” is incomplete.
定义需要包括调节内部条件及其目的，只说保持不变不够完整。
Homeostasis is the regulation of the internal conditions of a cell or organism.
体内平衡是对细胞或生物体内部条件的调节。
It maintains optimum conditions for cell functions and enzyme action, as internal and external conditions change.
在内外环境变化时，它维持细胞功能和酶作用的最适条件。
Examples are blood glucose concentration, body temperature and water levels.
例子有血糖浓度、体温和体内水分含量。
Regulation keeps conditions within a suitable range, not at one fixed value.
调节使条件保持在适宜的范围内，而不是固定在某一个数值上。
A stimulus is the change; a receptor is the cell that detects it.
刺激是变化，感受器是检测变化的细胞。
Do not swap a response and an effector.
不要把反应与效应器混淆。
Use the direction of information flow rather than memorising three neurone names without their roles.
应根据信息传递方向说明作用，不只是背诵三种神经元的名称。
The boxes show functional stages, not anatomical positions.
方框表示功能阶段，不是解剖位置。
Synapses connect neurones; the muscle is the effector, not another neurone.
突触连接神经元，肌肉是效应器，不是另一种神经元。
Electrical impulses travel along neurones.
电冲动沿神经元传导，释放的化学物质扩散穿过间隙。
A released chemical diffuses across the gap; do not draw an impulse jumping through empty space.
不要把电冲动画成直接跳过间隙。
Use one causal link per stage: arrival, release and diffusion, then a new impulse.
按到达、释放与扩散、产生新冲动的因果顺序解释。
Information can still reach the brain afterwards.
信息仍可随后到达大脑。
“Automatic” does not mean the person can never become aware of the stimulus.
自动反应不意味着人永远不能感知该刺激。
The pupil reflex is also automatic but coordinated in the brain.
瞳孔反射同样自动，但由脑协调。
Never claim that all reflexes exclude the brain.
不能声称所有反射都不经过脑。
Catching a falling metre rule is a response to a stimulus.
接住下落的米尺是对刺激的反应。
Describe how the nervous system coordinates the response, for six marks.
描述神经系统如何协调这一反应，共六分。
Identify the receptor and the stimulus, name the route to the right coordination centre, and include the synapses and what the effector does.
指出感受器和刺激，说出通向正确协调中枢的路径，并写出突触以及效应器的作用。
Here the signal goes along the optic nerve to the brain, not just to 'the CNS'.
这里信号沿视神经传到脑，而不只是笼统地传到“中枢神经系统”。
Pause and try it.
暂停并试着回答。
Receptors in the retina detect the rule moving, and electrical impulses are generated.
视网膜中的感受器检测到米尺的运动，产生电冲动。
The pathway includes sensory, relay and motor neurones.
通路包括感觉神经元、中间神经元和运动神经元。
Impulses travel along the optic nerve to the brain.
冲动沿视神经传到脑。
A chemical crosses the synapses between neurones.
化学物质穿过神经元之间的突触。
Then the muscles contract to catch the rule.
然后肌肉收缩，接住米尺。
Name the route and the physical signals, not just 'messages'.
要说出路径和具体的信号，而不只是“信息”。
These are real exam values.
这些是真题数值。
Use all seven results; the largest value is not automatically an invalid result.
要使用全部七次结果，最大值并不自动成为无效数据。
The median is the middle ordered value; the mean uses every included value.
中位数是排序后的中间值，平均数使用全部纳入的数值。
Do not answer a median question with the given mean 16 cm.
不要在中位数题中填入题目给出的平均值16厘米。
This equation expects the numerical distance in centimetres.
该公式要求以厘米为单位的距离数值。
Inserting 0.16 without changing the constant would mix units.
若直接代入0.16而不改变常数，就会混用单位。
Rounding to 0.18 seconds first would lose the third significant figure.
若先舍入成0.18秒，就会丢失第三位有效数字。
The thumb’s reference height is fixed.
拇指的参考高度保持不变。
After the fall, read the scale at that same point; the 16 cm example illustrates the actual supplied mean.
直尺下落后，在同一位置读数；图中的16厘米说明真题给出的平均距离。
The 2024 question accepts repeats; the 2025 version explicitly excludes them.
2024年的题目接受重复测量，但2025年的版本明确排除。
Read the stem before using a memorised practical answer.
不要在读题前套用背过的实验答案。
Use a ruler with smaller, millimetre divisions, not just 'a more accurate ruler'.
使用分度更小（毫米刻度）的尺子，而不只是说“更精确的尺子”。
Always line up zero with the top of the thumb in the same way.
每次都以同样的方式把零刻度对准拇指上端。
Rest the arm on a bench, and keep the same hand and the same gap between finger and thumb.
把手臂靠在桌上，保持用同一只手，手指和拇指之间的间距相同。
And release the ruler after a varied delay, without warning.
并在不同长短的延迟后、不加提示地放开尺子。
A control must name what is kept the same.
控制变量必须说出保持不变的是什么。
A valid comparison changes the listening condition while keeping the method consistent.
有效比较应改变听音乐条件，同时保持测量方法一致。
Paired measurements avoid treating natural differences between people as effects of the music.
配对测量可避免把人与人之间的自然差异误当成音乐的影响。
Here are reaction times for one person, in seconds.
这是一个人的反应时间，单位为秒。
In silence: nought point one eight, nought point two zero and nought point two two.
安静时：零点一八、零点二零和零点二二。
With music: nought point two three, nought point two five and nought point two seven.
有音乐时：零点二三、零点二五和零点二七。
Calculate the two means and the difference between them.
计算两个平均值及它们的差。
Does this show that music slows everybody's reactions?
这能说明音乐会使每个人的反应都变慢吗？
Pause and try it.
暂停并试着回答。
A smaller reaction time means a faster response.
反应时间越短表示反应越快。
Keep the conclusion tied to the data and controls.
结论应限制在数据及控制条件所支持的范围内。
Use the context to choose the pathway; use the question’s units and restrictions to choose the calculation and method.
根据情境选择神经通路，根据题目的单位及限制选择计算和方法。
Apply these methods independently in sheet 5.1 before moving to the brain, eye and hormonal sections.
先在练习5.1中独立应用这些方法，再继续脑、眼及激素部分。
First identify a likely region.
先判断可能的脑区。
In HT evaluation, separate an association from proof of a single cause.
高阶评价须区分相关证据与单一原因的证明。
Use the side view to locate regions, then test their functions.
利用侧视图定位脑区，再检验其功能。
Cortex names the outer region, not the whole brain.
大脑皮层是外层区域，不是整个脑。
Name the cerebellum and the medulla.
要写出小脑和延髓。
Identifying the regions is for every student; evaluating investigations and treatments is Higher Tier.
识别脑区是共同内容，评价研究与治疗是高阶内容。
A structural image is evidence about location. It is not, by itself, proof of a causal role in a behaviour.
结构图像能提供位置证据，但不能单独证明某脑区导致某种行为。
Complexity and delicacy explain the difficulty. They do not justify rejecting every treatment.
复杂性和脆弱性解释研究困难，但不能因此否定所有治疗。
Point to the retina, optic nerve, sclera, cornea, iris, ciliary muscle and ligaments.
指出视网膜、视神经、巩膜、角膜、虹膜、睫状肌及悬韧带。
The pupil is an opening.
瞳孔是开口。
Name a structure before explaining its function.
先写结构名称，再解释功能。
Do not call the pupil a muscle or the optic nerve a light ray.
瞳孔不是肌肉，视神经传递的不是光线。
The retina is where the image forms; the ciliary muscles change the lens shape for near focusing.
视网膜是成像的位置；睫状肌改变晶状体形状以看清近物。
The letters on an exam figure belong to that figure only.
考题图中的字母只适用于那幅图，不能套到新图。
This asks about the iris and pupil. Ciliary-muscle contraction does not answer this light-level question.
本题问虹膜和瞳孔，写睫状肌收缩不能回答光照变化。
For dim light, reverse the muscle actions: radial contraction widens the pupil and admits more light.
暗光时动作相反：辐射状肌收缩，瞳孔扩大，让更多光线进入。
Distant focusing reverses the muscle and ligament changes.
远距调焦时肌肉和韧带变化相反。
Ligaments transmit tension; they do not actively contract.
韧带传递张力，不会主动收缩。
Use thicker or more curved, not the ambiguous statement “the lens gets bigger”.
使用“更厚”或“更弯曲”，不要含糊地说晶状体“变大”。
For a distant object, relaxed muscles allow taut ligaments to pull the lens thinner.
远物时肌肉放松，绷紧的韧带拉薄晶状体。
It still refracts light, but less strongly.
晶状体仍会折射，只是折射较弱。
Predict the correction before revealing the model.
先预测矫正方法，再看模型。
A name without the optical reason is incomplete.
只写名称而不解释光学原因不完整。
The upper model is uncorrected; the lower model focuses on the retina.
上图未矫正，下图在视网膜上成像。
Cornea and eye lens are combined in this optical schematic.
该光学模型合并表示角膜和晶状体的作用。
Spectacles change incoming rays. They do not physically move the retina or shorten the eyeball.
眼镜改变入射光线，不会移动视网膜或缩短眼球。
Without correction, the near-object rays would meet behind the retina.
未矫正时近物光线将在视网膜后汇聚。
Follow the actual rays rather than memorising lens names alone.
沿光线判断，不要只记透镜名称。
This completes the comparison.
这一步完成比较。
Do not reverse the two defects or their correcting lenses.
不要颠倒两种缺陷及其矫正透镜。
Suitability varies.
适用性因人而异。
A stated preference is not enough to establish that a treatment is safe or effective for that person.
个人偏好不能证明某治疗对其安全有效。
Use supplied information to make a justified comparison; avoid claiming one treatment is always best.
利用题给资料作有理由的比较，避免声称某治疗总是最好。
State the cooler-surroundings condition when explaining heat transfer by increased skin blood flow.
解释增加皮肤血流带走能量时，要说明环境比皮肤冷。
Arterioles control capillary blood flow.
小动脉控制毛细血管血流。
Sweating cools through evaporation, not simply through making liquid.
出汗靠蒸发降温，而不只是生成液体。
Read the temperature before the drink, its fall and its return.
读出饮水前温度、下降和恢复。
The original graph is retained without replacing its data with a model.
此处保留原始图表，未用模型数据替换。
Use the measured starting value.
使用测量的初始数值。
Explain blood cooling and transport before describing the nervous response.
先解释血液冷却与运输，再说明神经反应。
Holding the person still controls extra energy release from movement.
让受试者静止可控制运动带来的额外能量释放。
This is analysis of the paper, not a classroom instruction to administer cold water.
这是原题分析，不是课堂冷水实验指令。
Compare the 24–36 minute interval with the initial rate, then explain the direction of the response.
比较24至36分钟与初始出汗率，再解释反应方向。
Between twenty-four and thirty-six minutes, the sweating rate decreases.
在二十四到三十六分钟之间，出汗速率下降。
Less sweat evaporates from the skin, so less energy is transferred away by evaporation.
从皮肤蒸发的汗液减少，通过蒸发带走的能量也减少。
That reduces the cooling and helps to oppose the fall in body temperature.
这减少了散热，有助于抵消体温的下降。
Say sweating decreases, not that it stops: a response can oppose a change without restoring the value at once.
要说出汗减少，而不是停止：反馈可以抵消变化，但不一定立即恢复原值。
Write two complete response–mechanism pairs.
写出两组完整的反应与机制。
Two response names alone do not earn the explanation marks.
只写两种反应名称不能得到解释分。
Less sweating also reduces evaporative cooling.
少出汗也可减少蒸发降温。
Never claim that stopping sweat removes every route of energy loss.
不能说停止出汗就消除了所有能量散失途径。
Trace release, transport and response before naming the hormone.
先追踪释放、运输及反应，再命名激素。
Identify pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries and testes.
识别垂体、甲状腺、肾上腺、胰腺、卵巢及睾丸。
The pituitary influences several glands, not every endocrine response.
垂体影响多种腺体，但并非直接控制所有内分泌反应。
Make it a comparison.
要写成比较。
'Usually' allows for hormones such as adrenaline, which act quickly.
“通常”保留了肾上腺素等迅速起效的激素的情况。
Do not confuse insulin, a hormone, with glycogen, a storage carbohydrate.
不要把激素胰岛素与储存糖类糖原混淆。
The pancreas monitors glucose.
胰腺监测血糖。
Return toward normal weakens the initial stimulus for the responding hormone.
恢复正常范围时，最初刺激减弱，相应激素的释放动力随之减弱。
The pancreas responds to high blood glucose by releasing insulin.
血糖升高时，胰腺分泌胰岛素。
Glucose moves from the blood into cells, where it can be used in respiration.
葡萄糖从血液进入细胞，在细胞内用于呼吸作用。
Excess glucose is converted to glycogen in liver and muscle cells.
多余的葡萄糖在肝细胞和肌肉细胞中转化为糖原。
So the blood glucose concentration falls towards normal.
于是血糖浓度下降，回到正常范围。
Give the direction of change, a glucose process, and where in the body it happens.
答题时要写出变化方向、一个与葡萄糖有关的过程，以及它发生的部位。
Negative feedback opposes the original change; it does not mean that both hormones simply switch off forever.
负反馈抵消原始变化，并不是两种激素永久关闭。
The liver releases this stored glucose.
由肝脏释放储存的葡萄糖。
Do not claim that insulin comes from the liver or that glucagon converts glucose into glycogen.
不要说胰岛素来自肝脏，也不要颠倒胰高血糖素的转化方向。
The meal is marked on the time axis.
进餐时刻已标在时间轴上。
Identify the high-glucose interval before choosing a time when insulin would be high.
先找高血糖区间，再判断胰岛素较高的时刻。
The accepted range belongs to this graph; it is not a universal time after every meal.
评分范围只适用于这张图，不能作为每次进餐后的固定时刻。
The lower glucose later in the graph is consistent with regulation, but the graph alone does not isolate every cause of the fall.
随后血糖下降符合调节，但单凭此图不能分离下降的每个原因。
Predict the interpretation before the comparison is revealed.
先作解释，再看比较结果。
Person C's blood glucose is nine point five six millimoles per cubic decimetre, against a mean of four point five one for people without diabetes.
C的血糖为每立方分米九点五六毫摩尔，而无糖尿病者的平均值为四点五一。
Their insulin is twenty-four point three two units, against fourteen point eight three.
其胰岛素为二十四点三二单位，而平均值为十四点八三。
Both are higher: give comparative answers, using these two measurements, not cholesterol.
两项都较高：要用这两项数据作比较性的回答，而不是用胆固醇。
A table entry alone is not a comparison.
只抄表中数值不构成比较。
Link the two measures to reduced response.
把两项测量联系到反应减弱。
Do not describe every person with Type 2 diabetes as producing no insulin.
不要把所有二型糖尿病者描述为完全不产生胰岛素。
The 2025 paper studies medicines for Type 2.
2025年试卷研究二型糖尿病药物。
Diet and exercise are common approaches, not an exhaustive universal treatment list.
饮食与运动是常见方法，不是适用于所有人的完整治疗清单。
Read age groups within a weight category, then weight categories within an age group.
先在同一体重类别比较年龄，再在同一年龄比较体重类别。
The bars show percentages, not raw patient counts.
柱形表示百分比，不是患者原始人数。
Keep the age and weight comparisons separate; do not mistake an association for an inevitable outcome.
分别比较年龄和体重，不要把相关性当成必然结果。
Obesity is a risk factor. This does not justify a conclusion about every person in that category.
肥胖是风险因素，但不能据此对该类别的每个人作确定结论。
Hb-G is the percentage of haemoglobin with glucose attached, used here to indicate longer-term glucose control. It is not the instant glucose concentration.
Hb-G是附有葡萄糖的血红蛋白百分比，这里反映较长期的血糖控制，不是即时血糖浓度。
The vertical axis is a change in the Hb-G percentage. It does not give a relative reduction to multiply by 8.3.
纵轴表示Hb-G百分比的变化，不是要与8.3相乘的相对降幅。
Keep a final percentage distinct from a percentage-point decrease.
区分最终百分比与下降的百分点。
Evaluate both the methods and how useful each drug was.
要同时评价方法和效果。
No evidence about dose, side effects or double-blinding is supplied.
题中没有提供剂量、副作用或双盲的证据。
A larger decrease in a separate trial does not, by itself, prove the drug is better.
不同试验中下降更多，不能单独证明药物更好。
Drug B rises again after 18 weeks.
药物B在18周后又上升。
Do not invent random allocation or claim the trials were double-blind.
不要虚构随机分组或双盲试验。
Compare the solutions on the two sides of the cell membrane before choosing the direction.
先比较细胞膜两侧溶液的浓度，再判断水的净移动方向。
These animal cells are models, not measured images.
这些动物细胞是模型，不是测量图像。
Water moves both ways even when there is no net movement.
即使没有净移动，水也会向两个方向移动。
Do not describe a cell as gaining solute when the task asks for water movement.
题目问水的移动时，不要回答成溶质进入。
More dilute surroundings give the opposite net water movement.
外界更稀时，水的净移动方向相反。
Kidneys adjust urine; they do not recover losses from air or sweat.
肾脏调节尿液，不能收回呼气或出汗已失去的水。
Sweating remains controlled for temperature regulation.
出汗仍受体温调节控制。
Kidneys alter urine to maintain balance; they do not retrieve water already lost from skin or lungs.
肾脏通过改变尿液维持平衡，不能收回皮肤或肺部已经失去的水。
The liver makes urea; kidneys excrete it.
肝脏生成尿素，肾脏排出尿素。
Excretion of metabolic waste differs from passing undigested food out of the gut.
代谢废物的排泄与排出未消化食物不同。
This is a functional flow diagram, not kidney or nephron anatomy.
这是功能流程图，不是肾脏或肾单位解剖图。
Filtered fluid is not yet final urine.
滤液还不是最终的尿液。
Give the process and the destination.
写出过程和去向。
Saying that glucose is useful does not describe its journey.
只说葡萄糖有用，不能说明它经历的过程。
Do not say that the kidney filters only waste.
不要说肾脏只过滤废物。
Useful small substances are filtered too, then recovered.
小的有用物质也会被过滤，然后重新吸收。
These are the four marking points.
这是四个得分点。
Keep filtration and selective reabsorption distinct.
要区分过滤与选择性重吸收。
Use a causal chain from blood concentration to ADH to water movement.
按血液浓度、ADH、水的移动组成因果链。
Concentrated urine does not mean a larger volume.
尿液更浓不表示体积更大。
As blood returns towards normal, the original stimulus for ADH release weakens.
血液恢复正常时，释放ADH的原始刺激减弱。
This is negative feedback.
这是负反馈。
Link ADH to the kidney tubules, then give both urine outcomes.
把ADH与肾小管联系起来，再说明尿液的两个结果。
The reverse explanation is also accepted.
相反方向的解释也可以接受。
The first column is ADH concentration; the second is urine solute concentration in arbitrary units; the third is urine volume per minute.
第一列是ADH浓度，第二列是以任意单位表示的尿液溶质浓度，第三列是每分钟的尿量。
At 3.75 the rate is 1.8 and concentration 1110; at 1.25 the rate is 8.8 and concentration 700.
ADH为3.75时，尿液生成速率为1.8、浓度为1110；ADH为1.25时，速率为8.8、浓度为700。
Less ADH makes the kidney tubules less permeable to water, so less water is reabsorbed into the blood.
抗利尿激素减少，肾小管对水的通透性降低，重吸收回血液的水减少。
More water stays in the urine, so the rate rises from one point eight to eight point eight cubic centimetres per minute.
更多的水留在尿液中，所以尿量从每分钟一点八立方厘米升到八点八立方厘米。
That extra water dilutes the solutes, so the concentration falls from one thousand one hundred and ten to seven hundred units.
多出的水稀释了溶质，所以浓度从一千一百一十降到七百单位。
ADH does not make the kidneys add more urea.
抗利尿激素并不会使肾脏加入更多尿素。
The constant-rate assumption and ten minutes are supplied by this extension, not by the original exam paper.
恒定速率和十分钟是这道拓展题提供的条件，不是原试卷数据。
For the same ten minutes at 1.8 cm³/min, V equals eighteen cubic centimetres.
同样十分钟，若速率为每分钟1.8立方厘米，体积为18立方厘米。
Do not report the original rate as the answer volume.
不要把原速率当作体积答案。
Separate a concentration gradient from membrane size selectivity.
区分浓度梯度与膜对大小的选择性。
They explain different features of dialysis.
它们解释透析的不同特点。
The diagram shows diffusion, not a pump that recognises useful molecules.
图中表示扩散，不是能识别有用分子的泵。
Proteins and blood cells are too large to cross the membrane.
蛋白质和血细胞太大，不能通过膜。
Glucose can cross, but matched concentrations prevent net glucose loss.
葡萄糖可以通过，但浓度相同可防止净流失。
Urea moves down its concentration gradient.
尿素沿浓度梯度移动。
A good answer explains both removing waste and retaining useful components.
好答案要解释清除废物及保留有用成分。
Name blood and dialysis fluid as the two sides.
明确膜两侧为血液与透析液。
Transplant has potential benefits but is not guaranteed to work for every patient.
移植有潜在益处，但不保证对每位患者都成功。
Dialysis can bridge a donor wait.
透析可用于等待供体的阶段。
Make the judgment depend on the circumstances.
判断要联系具体情境。
A list of treatment names does not evaluate the options.
只列出治疗名称不等于评价。
Tie the decision to the case and balance the potential benefit against risks; neither treatment guarantees success.
判断要联系题目情境，权衡潜在益处与风险；两种治疗都不保证成功。
Use the organ and the effect together.
把器官与作用对应。
Ovulation releases an egg; fertilisation joins egg and sperm.
排卵是释放卵细胞，受精是卵细胞与精子结合。
Egg maturation begins at puberty.
卵细胞从青春期开始成熟。
A twenty-eight-day cycle is illustrative, not a fixed timetable for every person.
二十八天周期只是示例，并非每个人固定的时间表。
Basic roles are common-tier.
基本作用属于共同内容。
Hormone interactions and graph interpretation are higher tier.
激素相互作用与图像解释属于高阶内容。
The hormone that triggers egg release is LH.
促使卵细胞释放的激素是LH。
Neither FSH nor LH fertilises the egg.
FSH和LH都不会使卵细胞受精。
Menstruation is breakdown and loss of the uterus lining, not another name for ovulation.
月经是子宫内膜脱落，不是排卵的别称。
This author-drawn model shows an illustrative cycle.
这个自绘模型表示示例周期。
The dashed line marks ovulation around day fourteen; actual timing varies.
虚线表示约第十四天排卵，实际时间可变。
Do not compare absolute concentrations across panels.
不要跨图比较绝对浓度。
Use the model to organise the causal chain, not to predict an exact day for every person.
用模型组织因果链，不要预测每个人准确的排卵日。
The high-oestrogen stimulation of LH near ovulation must not be replaced with a rule that every hormone always inhibits every other hormone.
排卵前高水平雌激素促进LH，不能简化为所有激素总是相互抑制。
A woman with no detectable FSH received daily injections for seven days.
未检测到FSH的女性接受七天每日注射。
The left axis is hormone concentration in arbitrary units; the right axis is total follicle volume in cubic millimetres.
左轴是任意单位的激素浓度，右轴是立方毫米的卵泡总体积。
The day-zero injection marker is retained.
保留了第零天注射起点标记。
Give evidence from the graph that the follicles release oestrogen.
根据图像，给出卵泡释放雌激素的证据。
Find the period when follicle volume and oestrogen rise together, about the first seven or eight days, and state the relationship.
找出卵泡体积和雌激素同时上升的时段，大约是前七八天，并说明二者的关系。
Does the whole graph show it?
整幅图都显示这种关系吗？
And do not reverse the cause: rising oestrogen does not make the follicles grow.
不要把因果颠倒：不是雌激素升高使卵泡长大。
Pause and try it.
暂停并试着回答。
Describe the two quantities, not merely two lines going up.
描述两个量，不要只说两条线上升。
A different axis scale does not change the time at which a point occurs.
纵轴比例不同，不会改变数据点对应的时间。
The original graph gives total volume, not the volume of one follicle.
原图给出总体积，不是单个卵泡体积。
Do not insert twenty-two as the radius.
不要把二十二当作半径。
This is the paper-supplied spherical approximation. It is not a statement that all real follicles have identical shapes and sizes.
这是题目给定的球形近似，不表示真实卵泡的形状与大小完全相同。
The cubic-millimetre units cancel.
立方毫米单位约去。
Round the count at the end, not the radius or intermediate volume prematurely.
最后才对数量取整，不要提前把中间体积粗略取整。
FSH acts through follicle development and oestrogen.
FSH通过卵泡发育及雌激素发挥作用。
Do not claim that FSH directly causes every female secondary sexual characteristic.
不要说FSH直接造成所有女性第二性征。
First link: a lack of FSH means little follicle development, so little oestrogen is produced.
第一环：缺少促卵泡激素，卵泡发育很少，所以产生的雌激素很少。
Second link: breast development depends on oestrogen from the follicles.
第二环：乳房发育依赖卵泡产生的雌激素。
Include the intermediate hormone, oestrogen; the inheritance parts belong to the genetics topic.
要写出中间的激素，即雌激素；遗传方面的部分属于遗传学主题。
Giving contraceptive hormones is not the same as giving FSH to stimulate follicle maturation.
给予避孕激素与给予FSH促进卵泡成熟不同。
A combined patch releases oestrogen and progestogen, a progesterone-like hormone.
复方贴片释放雌激素与孕激素类药物。
Do not label every method progesterone-only or long-lasting for years.
不要把每种方法都称为仅含孕激素，或持续多年。
Keep a biological mechanism separate from reliability of use and the person's stated preferences.
区分生物学机制、使用可靠性与个人给定偏好。
Fertilisation and implantation are different events.
受精与着床是不同事件。
Do not assume every intrauterine device works by releasing a hormone.
不要认为所有宫内装置都通过释放激素起作用。
This is an evaluation of a classroom case.
这是课堂情境评价。
Scientific evidence informs a choice, while personal and social values also matter.
科学证据有助于选择，但个人与社会价值也有影响。
Name the condition your reason addresses.
说明理由对应哪个条件。
A list of methods without a comparison is not an evaluation.
只列方法而不比较，不是评价。
Fertility drugs may permit pregnancy through intercourse.
促生育药物可能使自然性交受孕成为可能。
IVF adds collection, laboratory fertilisation and embryo transfer.
IVF还包括取卵、实验室受精与胚胎移植。
FSH stimulates egg maturation and LH stimulates ovulation.
FSH促进卵细胞成熟，LH促进排卵。
Collected eggs are fertilised in the laboratory; embryos develop into tiny cell balls before transfer to the uterus.
取出的卵细胞在实验室受精，胚胎发育为小细胞团后移入子宫。
Do not call unfertilised eggs embryos.
不要把未受精卵称为胚胎。
Hormone injections alone do not describe IVF.
只说激素注射不能描述IVF全过程。
Use the perspective of the patient and the doctor.
从患者与医生的角度考虑。
Do not turn a chance of success into a guarantee.
不要把成功机会说成成功保证。
Three process marks plus two relevant concerns make the five-mark answer.
三分过程加两分相关顾虑，组成五分答案。
The top level requires both uses.
最高等级要求两个用途。
Six hormone names do not automatically produce six marks.
列出六个激素名称不会自动得到六分。
This is marked by level: give detailed causal links and both uses, not an unconnected list of methods.
按等级评分：要写出详细的因果联系和两个用途，而不是互不相连的方法清单。
Adrenal glands release adrenaline during fear or stress.
恐惧或压力时肾上腺释放肾上腺素。
The phrase fight or flight alone does not give two distinct effects.
只说战斗或逃跑不能给出两个不同的生理作用。
Heart rate and oxygen or glucose delivery are distinct accepted effects.
心率与氧气或葡萄糖输送是不同的得分点。
Avoid repeating faster heart rate as a second point.
不要把心跳加快重复当作第二点。
Thyroxine from the thyroid regulates basal metabolic rate and supports growth and development.
甲状腺素调节基础代谢率并支持生长发育。
This question needs the metabolic link to temperature.
本题需要解释代谢与体温的联系。
Energy is released rather than created.
能量是释放而非创造的。
This hormonal response complements the earlier nervous control of temperature.
这种激素反应与前面的神经体温调节相配合。
Read both columns.
阅读两列。
Low thyroxine leads to more stimulation of the thyroid; high thyroxine leads to less.
甲状腺素偏低时甲状腺受到更多刺激，偏高时刺激减少。
Both responses move the level towards normal.
两种反应都使水平趋向正常。
Negative describes opposition to the initial change. It does not mean every hormone must always decrease.
负反馈表示反应抵消最初的变化，不表示每种激素都必须下降。
A functional explanation is sufficient here.
这里解释功能关系即可。
Extra names of regulatory hormones are not needed to explain the two directions.
说明两个方向不需要额外背诵调节激素的名称。
Hormones travel in blood.
激素经血液运输。
Adrenaline can act rapidly, so the usual contrast between slower hormonal and faster nervous responses is not an absolute rule.
肾上腺素可以迅速作用，因此激素较慢、神经较快只是一般比较。
Gravitropism is a growth response to gravity.
向地性是对重力的生长反应。
Merely saying downwards misses growth and does not cover shoots growing upwards.
只说向下漏掉了生长，也不能描述茎向上生长。
Positive means towards the stimulus and negative means away.
正表示朝向刺激，负表示背离刺激。
The words do not mean helpful and harmful.
这些词不表示有益或有害。
In a shoot, the shaded side elongates more.
茎的背光侧伸长更多。
In a horizontal root, more auxin on the lower side inhibits elongation, so the upper side grows more.
水平根下侧较多的生长素抑制伸长，因此上侧生长更多。
Use a causal chain from distribution to growth to bending.
用分布、生长和弯曲构成因果链。
Saying auxin makes it bend leaves out the mechanism.
只说生长素让它弯曲漏掉了机制。
Light changes auxin distribution.
光照改变生长素的分布。
Do not teach a general rule that light destroys auxin.
不要把光会破坏生长素作为普遍规律。
Apply the root response rather than copying the shoot response unchanged.
应用根的反应，不要原样复制茎的反应。
The accepted explanation links uneven auxin to unequal growth.
正确解释把不均匀的生长素与不等生长联系起来。
More auxin does not always mean more elongation in every organ.
生长素更多并非在每个器官都使伸长更多。
This exam diagram shows a gravity investigation.
这幅考题图显示一个关于重力的实验。
Seedling A is stationary, and seedling B rotates slowly.
幼苗A保持静止，幼苗B缓慢旋转。
Both stay in a dark cupboard for twenty-four hours.
两者都在黑暗的柜子里放置二十四小时。
Explain what each condition controls.
解释每个条件控制什么。
Rotation changes the direction of gravity relative to the root, without removing gravity.
旋转改变根相对于重力的方向，并不消除重力。
The rotating root grows approximately straight.
旋转根大致直线生长。
The stationary root experiences a persistent downward direction and bends.
静止根持续受到向下的重力方向刺激并弯曲。
Marks track growth.
墨迹用于追踪生长。
Spreading all marks equally along the base is not the accepted prediction.
把根基部所有墨迹间距均匀增大并不是正确预测。
This author-drawn schematic retains seven marks and has no scale.
这个自绘示意图保留七个墨迹且没有比例尺。
The base remains closely marked while the bent growth region stretches.
基部墨迹保持靠近，弯曲的生长区间距增大。
A top-level answer needs a valid method, comparison and controls.
高等级答案需要有效方法、比较与控制变量。
The six marks are not six arbitrary equipment names.
六分不是随意列六种器材。
Keep light intensity comparable where possible.
尽可能使光照强度可比。
For a curved shoot, follow its length with thread and measure the thread against a ruler.
弯曲茎可用细线沿其长度测量，再用尺测细线。
A dark comparison is allowed in the examination, but also changes light availability.
考试允许用黑暗作为对照，但也改变了光的可用性。
A photograph alone does not replace the required biological drawing.
只有照片不能替代要求的生物绘图。
Practice data for the plant growth practical.
植物生长实验的练习数据。
Each seedling starts at twenty millimetres and finishes at thirty-two, thirty-four or thirty-three.
每株幼苗起始长度为二十毫米，最终为三十二、三十四或三十三毫米。
Calculate the increase for each seedling before calculating the mean.
先计算每株的增长量，再求平均值。
Subtract initial length from final length for each seedling. The increases are twelve, fourteen and thirteen millimetres.
每株的末长度减去初长度，增长量分别为十二、十四和十三毫米。
This mean describes one condition only.
此平均值只描述一个条件。
We need the comparison condition to judge the effect of light direction.
判断光照方向的影响还需要对照条件。
Do not classify every weed killer as an auxin.
不要把所有除草剂都归为生长素。
The lower-side inhibition of an existing root does not contradict promoting root formation in a cutting.
已有根下侧伸长受抑制，与插条促进新根形成并不矛盾。
Match the use to the organ and the stated problem.
把用途与器官和题目问题匹配。
Detailed biochemical mechanisms are outside this specification.
详细生化机制不在本大纲要求内。
An accurate general fact can still be irrelevant to the supplied context.
正确的一般事实仍可能与情境无关。
Seed dormancy does not answer the apple-tree application here.
种子休眠不能回答这里苹果树的用途。
Two uses of auxins are rooting powders and tissue culture.
生长素的两种用途是生根粉和组织培养。
On an apple tree, gibberellins promote flowering and larger fruit.
在苹果树上，赤霉素能促进开花并使果实更大。
As an extension: weedkillers that kill non-target plants can reduce food, habitat and biodiversity.
拓展：杀死非目标植物的除草剂会减少食物、栖息地和生物多样性。
Weigh that ecological cost against the intended benefit to farming.
要把这一生态代价与预期的农业好处进行权衡。
Before you call this topic done — define homeostasis, draw the reflex arc with its synapses, recite the accommodation table, give both temperature responses, explain insulin and glucagon as negative feedback, describe the kidney with ADH, tell the four menstrual hormones apart, and explain tropisms with auxin.
收尾自查——默写稳态定义；画带突触的反射弧；背出视觉调节表格；说出高温和寒冷的体温反应；以负反馈解释胰岛素与胰高血糖素；描述肾脏与抗利尿激素；区分月经周期的四种激素；用生长素解释向性运动。