Mengukur ketimpangan dan pilihan fiskal
Diperkenalkan| English | Makna |
|---|---|
| Gini coefficient/ˈdʒiːni ˌkəʊɪˈfɪʃənt/ | koefisien Gini |
| progressive tax/prəˈɡresɪv tæks/ | pajak progresif |
A decision you can investigate
- Two economies produce the same output, but in one the richest tenth hold half of all income.
- Are they equally well off?
Build the explanation
- The Lorenz curve plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of households, poorest first; the Gini coefficient 基尼系数 is the area between the curve and perfect equality divided by the whole triangle, Gini = A/(A+B), from 0 (perfect equality) to 1.
- A fiscal deficit is one year’s shortfall of revenue against spending, while the national debt is the accumulated stock of past deficits. A progressive tax 累进税 takes a rising share of higher incomes; a regressive tax, like most sales taxes, takes a falling share.
Work through the evidence
- Four people earn 5, 15, 30 and 50 (total 100). Cumulative income shares, poorest first, are 5%, 20%, 50%, 100%: the richest quarter holds 50% and the poorest half just 20%.
- If every income doubles to 10, 30, 60, 100, every share is unchanged, so the Gini is unchanged even though everyone is richer: level and distribution are separate questions.
Empat orang memperoleh 5, 15, 30, 50 (total 100). Bagian apa yang dimiliki oleh kuartal teratas?
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Penerima pendapatan tertinggi memegang 50 dari 100, sehingga kuartal teratas memiliki 50% dari pendapatan.
Test the limits
- Inequality can sharpen incentives and enterprise, but wide gaps cut the poor’s access to education and health and can weaken trust and demand; development may widen gaps before narrowing them.
- The Laffer curve is a hypothesis about shape, since revenue is zero at 0% and at 100%, not a measurement of where any real economy sits; high debt shifts costs to future taxpayers, an intergenerational question.
Jika setiap pendapatan berlipat ganda, koefisien Gini turun.
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Setiap porsi tidak berubah ketika semua pendapatan berskala bersama; Gini mengukur distribusi, bukan tingkat.
Pertumbuhan tidak selalu mengurangi ketimpangan yang terukur.
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Kasus penggandaan menunjukkan pertumbuhan dapat meninggalkan setiap bagian tanpa perubahan; distribusi memerlukan argumen tersendiri.
Apply and explain your answer
- Incomes double from 5, 15, 30, 50 to 10, 30, 60, 100. What happens to the Gini coefficient?
- Nothing: every income doubled, so every share is unchanged; growth without redistribution leaves relative inequality intact.
Defisit paling tepat digambarkan sebagai…
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Stok adalah utang nasional; alirannya adalah defisit.
Use the terms precisely
- Gini coefficient: The ratio A/(A+B) from the Lorenz diagram; 0 is perfect equality.
- progressive tax: A tax taking a rising share of income as income rises.
Cocokkan istilah dengan maknanya.
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Gunakan setiap istilah untuk hubungan ekonominya yang dinyatakan.
Four people earn 5, 15, 30 and 50 (total 100). Cumulative income shares, poorest first, are 5%, 20%, 50%, 100%: the richest quarter holds 50% and the poorest half just 20%. If every income doubles to 10, 30, 60, 100, every share is unchanged, so the Gini is unchanged even though everyone is richer: level and distribution are separate questions.
Inequality can sharpen incentives and enterprise, but wide gaps cut the poor’s access to education and health and can weaken trust and demand; development may widen gaps before narrowing them. The Laffer curve is a hypothesis about shape, since revenue is zero at 0% and at 100%, not a measurement of where any real economy sits; high debt shifts costs to future taxpayers, an intergenerational question.
The Lorenz curve plots the cumulative share of income against the cumulative share of households, poorest first; the Gini coefficient is the area between the curve and perfect equality divided by the whole triangle, Gini = A/(A+B), from 0 (perfect equality) to 1.