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IB Diploma Programme · IB Diploma · Biology · HL נושא 33 3:38 קריאת קול באנגלית · תרגום אנגלי + סינית שרוף בתוך הסרטון
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תרגום טקסט
Two cells with the same genome make different proteins.
具有相同基因组的两个细胞会产生不同的蛋白质。
Regulation changes which information is used and when.
调控决定了哪些信息被使用以及何时使用。
Gene expression can be regulated at transcription and later stages.
基因表达可以在转录及之后的阶段受到调控。
A transcription factor can affect transcription through interactions with DNA and other proteins.
转录因子通过与 DNA 和其他蛋白质相互作用来影响转录。
Epigenetic modifications can influence expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence.
表观遗传修饰可以在不改变 DNA 序列的情况下影响基因表达。
A transcription factor is a protein that influences transcription.
转录因子是影响转录的蛋白质。
An epigenetic modification is a change affecting expression without changing the DNA sequence.
表观遗传修饰是不改变 DNA 序列却影响表达的变化。
Distinguish a measured mRNA change from a protein or functional change.
区分测得的mRNA变化与蛋白质或功能变化。
Translation, degradation, and protein modification can all intervene.
翻译、降解和蛋白质修饰都可能介入其中。
Regulation is specific to a cell context and environmental conditions.
调控具有细胞背景和环境条件的特异性。
In the lab: Compare treated and control expression data after checking normalization and replicates.
在实验室中，检查归一化和重复实验后，比较处理组与对照组的表达数据。
Use evidence from a supplied perturbation to discuss causal models, rather than equating every association with a direct mechanism.
利用提供的扰动证据讨论因果模型，而非将每种关联都等同于直接机制。
Known: normalized transcript abundance is 12 in treatment and 3 in control.
已知：处理组的标准化转录本丰度为 12，对照组为 3。
Fold change equals 12 divided by 3, which is 4.
倍数变化等于 12 除以 3，结果为 4。
Equal normalized abundance does not require equal absolute cell counts in the two raw samples.
相等的标准化丰度并不要求两个原始样本中的绝对细胞数量相等。
Your turn: Transcript abundance is 15 in treatment and 5 in control.
请开始练习。 处理组中的转录本丰度为15，对照组中为5。
Find fold change.
请计算倍数变化。
Pause the video and work it out.
请暂停视频，自己算一算。
Check: 15 divided by 5 is a 3-fold change.
核对：15 ÷ 5，变化为 3 倍。
An epigenetic change is not automatically a DNA sequence mutation.
表观遗传改变并不等同于DNA序列突变。
More mRNA does not guarantee proportionally more active protein.
mRNA增多并不保证活性蛋白成比例增加。
Not true: Every change in gene expression is a mutation.
不正确。 并非基因表达的所有变化都是突变。
Expression changes are regulatory - the same DNA is read more or less often.
表达水平的变化属于调控范畴，即相同的DNA被读取的频率有所增减。
A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence itself; most changes in expression involve no mutation at all.
突变是指DNA序列本身的改变。 大多数表达变化根本不涉及突变。
Gene expression can be regulated at transcription and later stages.
基因表达可在转录及后续阶段进行调控。
Distinguish a measured mRNA change from a protein or functional change.
需区分测得的mRNA变化与蛋白质或功能变化。
Watch for an epigenetic change is not automatically a DNA-sequence mutation.
注意：表观遗传改变并不等同于DNA序列突变。
Normalized transcript abundance is twenty in the treatment and four in the control.
处理组的标准化转录丰度为20，对照组为4。
Find the fold change.
请计算倍数变化。
An mRNA change is not automatically a protein change.
mRNA的变化并不等同于蛋白质的变化。
The result is a transcript fold change of 5.
结果是转录本变化倍数为5。
A gene is not simply on or off.
基因并不只是开或关。
Its output can be regulated at transcription, at translation, and by how quickly the product is broken down.
它的产物可以在转录、翻译以及产物降解速度等环节受到调控。
Normalized expression changes from 4 to 12 units.
标准化表达量从 4 个单位变为 12 个单位。
Distinguish fold change from percentage increase.
请区分倍数变化与百分比增加。
What can be inferred about absolute transcript counts?
关于绝对转录本数量，可以推断出什么？
The fold change is 3, and the increase is 12 minus 4, over 4, times 100, which is 200 percent.
倍数变化是 3；增加幅度为 12 减 4，再除以 4，乘以 100，即 200%。
Absolute counts need normalization and sample-size information.
要得到绝对计数，还需要归一化和样本量信息。
Expression association alone does not demonstrate a causal regulatory mechanism.
仅凭表达上的关联，并不能证明存在因果性的调控机制。
Pause and check yourself. Explain each point on screen in your own words, then change one number in the last example and say which assumption must still hold.
暂停一下，自我检查：用自己的话解释屏幕上的每个要点，再改动最后一个例子中的一个数字，说明哪个假设仍然必须成立。