מעורבות באנתרופולוגיה
IB Diploma Programme · IB Diploma · Social and Cultural Anthropology · HL נושא 1 5:04 קריאת קול באנגלית · תרגום אנגלי + סינית שרוף בתוך הסרטון
פרקים
תרגום טקסט
In 1956 the anthropologist Horace Miner described a people called the Nacirema. Every house has a shrine with a magic box, people perform daily mouth rites with hog hairs and magical powders, and holy-mouth men dig holes in their teeth.
1956 年，人类学家霍勒斯·迈纳描述了一个叫 Nacirema 的民族：每户人家都有一个摆着魔盒的神龛，人们每天用猪鬃和神奇粉末举行口腔仪式，还会去找“圣口人”在牙齿上钻洞。
Readers were shocked, until they noticed that Nacirema is American spelled backwards.
读者很震惊，直到发现 Nacirema 倒过来拼就是 American。
The shrine is a bathroom, and the holy-mouth man is a dentist.
神龛是浴室，圣口人就是牙医。
Our own habits look natural only because we are inside them.
我们自己的习惯之所以显得自然，只是因为我们身在其中。
Anthropology studies how people live together, what they believe, how they make a living, how they organise families and power, and how all this changes.
人类学研究人们如何共同生活：信仰什么、如何谋生、如何组织家庭和权力，以及这一切如何变化。
Paper 1 gives you an unseen text with three questions, the last on one of the course's big questions.
试卷一给你一篇没见过的文本和三道题，最后一题围绕课程的“大问题”。
It takes two hours and thirty per cent at HL, and an hour and a half and forty per cent at SL.
HL 考两小时，占百分之三十；SL 考一个半小时，占百分之四十。
HL students also answer a question on ethics.
HL 学生还要回答一道伦理题。
The course has nine key concepts, and each is a question you can ask of any situation.
课程有九个核心概念，每个都是你可以对任何社会情境提出的问题。
Five are about meaning.
其中五个关于意义。
Belief and knowledge, what people take to be true.
信仰与知识：人们认为什么是真的。
Culture, the ways of life that are learned and shared.
文化：习得并共享的生活方式。
Identity, how people see themselves and others.
身份认同：人们如何看待自己和他人。
Materiality, how objects such as a red envelope carry meaning.
物质性：物品如何承载意义，比如红包。
And symbolism, what things stand for, like white clothes for mourning in China but black in Europe.
象征：事物代表什么，比如中国人穿白衣服办丧事，欧洲人穿黑色。
Four concepts are about people together.
另外四个概念关于人与人在一起。
Power, who can make others do things, such as who speaks first at a family meal.
权力：谁能让别人做事，比如家庭聚餐时谁先开口。
Social relations, how people are connected and what they owe each other.
社会关系：人们如何联结、彼此负有什么义务。
Society, how a group is organised as a whole.
社会：一个群体整体上如何组织。
And change, what is changing and why.
变迁：什么在变、为什么变。
In an answer, never name a concept alone. Use it to explain real material, from the passage or an ethnography you have studied.
答题时绝不要只点出概念，而要用它解释真实材料，来自文本或你学过的民族志。
Anthropologists are known for participant observation, living with a group for a long time, often a year or more, joining in everyday life while watching and asking questions.
人类学家以参与观察著称：和一个群体长期生活在一起，往往一年以上，一边参与日常生活，一边观察和提问。
Bronislaw Malinowski made it the core of the discipline. From 1915 to 1918 he lived in the Trobriand Islands, learned the language and pitched his tent in the village.
马林诺夫斯基把它变成这门学科的核心：1915 到 1918 年，他住在特罗布里恩群岛，学会了当地语言，把帐篷搭在村子里。
Raymond Gold described four roles, from complete observer to complete participant.
戈尔德描述了四种角色，从完全观察者到完全参与者。
The written result of fieldwork is an ethnography, a detailed account of one group's life.
田野工作写成的成果是民族志，即对一个群体生活的详细记述。
It tries to give two views.
它尝试给出两种视角。
The emic view is how members of the group understand their own world, in their own words. A red envelope brings luck and shows respect.
主位视角是群体成员用自己的话理解自己的世界：红包带来好运、表示尊重。
The etic view is the outsider's analysis. A gift keeps a relationship and its duties going, as gifts do in every society studied.
客位视角是局外人的分析：礼物维系一段关系及其中的义务，在所有研究过的社会里都是如此。
Anthropologists train four habits.
人类学家训练四种习惯。
Avoid ethnocentrism, judging other cultures by your own standards, as Miner's readers did.
避免民族中心主义，也就是用自己的标准评判别的文化，就像迈纳的读者那样。
Practise cultural relativism, understanding a practice in its own context before you judge it, though understanding is not approving.
践行文化相对主义：先在其文化背景中理解一种做法，再作评判；理解并不等于赞同。
Be reflexive about how your own background shapes what you see.
保持反身性：想想自己的背景如何影响你看到的东西。
And compare, so that assumptions that seem natural become visible.
还要比较，让那些看似自然的假设显现出来。
Fei Xiaotong, a student of Malinowski, became China's best-known anthropologist.
费孝通是马林诺夫斯基的学生，后来成为中国最著名的人类学家。
In From the Soil, in 1947, he compared rural China with the West.
他在 1947 年的《乡土中国》里比较了中国乡村和西方。
In a Chinese village each person stands at the centre of circles of relationships, like ripples in water, close family first, then relatives, then neighbours, with duties growing weaker further out.
在中国乡村，每个人都站在一圈圈关系的中心，像石子激起的水波：先是至亲，再是亲戚，然后是邻居，越往外义务越弱。
In the West, he argued, people belong to groups with clear edges, like bundles of straw.
他认为，西方人则属于边界清楚的团体，像一捆捆柴。
The comparison helps explain why guanxi matters so much.
这个比较有助于解释为什么关系在中国生活中如此重要。
Paper 1 gives you an extract from an ethnography.
试卷一给你一段民族志节选。
Work in four steps.
分四步来做。
Read for the scene, who does what, where and why.
先读场景：谁在哪里做什么、为什么。
Mark what surprises you, because a surprise often shows one of your own assumptions.
标出让你意外的地方，因为意外往往暴露了你自己的假设。
Name the concept that explains it.
说出能解释它的概念。
Then bring in an ethnography you have studied that shows the same concept in another place.
再引入一部你学过的民族志，说明同一概念在别处的表现。
Here is a plan for a big question, using a passage about gifts at a village wedding.
这是一道“大问题”的答题计划，文本讲的是村里婚礼上的送礼。
What is the same? In every society studied, gifts create relationships and duties, as Marcel Mauss showed in The Gift.
相同之处：在所有研究过的社会里，礼物都会建立关系和义务，正如莫斯在《礼物》中所说。
What differs is what is given, by whom, and what is expected back.
不同之处：送什么、谁来送、期待什么回报。
In Fei Xiaotong's rural China, a gift's size depends on how close the giver is to the centre of the ripples.
在费孝通笔下的中国乡村，礼的轻重取决于送礼人离水波中心有多近。
So people share the need to build relationships, but the forms are learned, local and changing.
所以，人们都需要建立关系，但形式是习得的、地方性的，而且在变化。
Check yourself without notes. Explain what the Nacirema shows, turn three key concepts into questions about your school canteen, give an emic and an etic view of one practice, and explain Fei Xiaotong's ripples and bundles.
不看笔记自测：说明 Nacirema 的故事揭示了什么；把三个核心概念变成关于学校食堂的问题；给出一种做法的主位和客位视角；再解释费孝通的水波和柴捆。