הבעיה הכלכלית והנחות יסוד כלכליות ⟦number⟧
Pearson Edexcel · International GCSE · Economics נושא 1 3:05 קריאת קול באנגלית · תרגום אנגלי + סינית שרוף בתוך הסרטון
פרקים
תרגום טקסט
This topic has three strands.
本主题有三条主线。
Scarcity forces every economy to choose.
稀缺性迫使每个经济体做出选择。
The production possibility frontier draws those choices.
生产可能性边界把这些选择画出来。
And economists assume consumers and firms pursue clear goals, with named exceptions.
经济学家假设消费者和企业追求明确的目标，但也有具名的例外。
Scarcity is the problem of unlimited wants against finite resources.
稀缺性是指无限的欲望与有限的资源之间的矛盾。
There is not enough of everything for everyone, so choices must be made.
东西不可能人人都够用，所以必须做出选择。
Every choice has an opportunity cost: the benefit of the next-best alternative forgone.
每个选择都有机会成本：放弃的次优选择的收益。
A consumer chooses between goods, a producer between products, and a government between spending programmes: a hospital means fewer schools.
消费者在商品之间选择，生产者在产品之间选择，政府在支出项目之间选择：多建一所医院，就少建几所学校。
The production possibility frontier shows the most an economy can make of two goods.
生产可能性边界表示一个经济体最多能生产的两种商品组合。
The curve is the maximum.
曲线就是最大值。
On the curve, every resource is fully employed.
在曲线上，所有资源都被充分利用。
Inside it, resources are unemployed or underused.
在曲线内，资源闲置或未被充分利用。
Beyond it, production is unobtainable with current resources.
在曲线外，用现有资源无法达到。
Moving along the curve reallocates resources at an opportunity cost.
沿着曲线移动是在重新配置资源，有机会成本。
The curve is bowed.
曲线是向外凸的。
Near the top, one more capital good costs only a few consumer goods.
在靠上的位置，多生产一件资本品只需放弃少量消费品。
Near the bottom, the same extra capital costs far more, because resources are not equally suited to both uses.
在靠下的位置，同样多一件资本品要放弃多得多的消费品，因为资源并不同样适合两种用途。
An outward shift of the whole frontier is positive economic growth: more labour and capital, better technology, improved education.
整条边界向外移动就是正的经济增长：更多劳动和资本、更好的技术、更好的教育。
Resource destruction, disaster or war cause an inward shift: negative growth.
资源被破坏、灾难或战争导致边界向内移动：负增长。
A workshop can make 20 desks or 40 chairs per day, on a straight frontier.
一个车间每天能做 20 张桌子或 40 把椅子，生产可能性边界是直线。
The opportunity cost of one more desk is 40 divided by 20: 2 chairs.
多做一张桌子的机会成本是 40 除以 20，即 2 把椅子。
So five more desks cost 5 times 2: 10 chairs per day.
所以多做五张桌子要少做 5 乘 2，即每天 10 把椅子。
Along the line, five more desks cost ten chairs.
沿着这条线，多做五张桌子要少做十把椅子。
A workshop with idle machines is inside the frontier.
有闲置机器的车间位于边界之内。
When a new order arrives, it moves towards it.
新订单来了，它就向边界靠近。
Its frontier has not shifted: the capacity was always there, unused.
它的边界并没有移动：产能一直都在，只是没用上。
Economics starts from two base assumptions.
经济学从两个基本假设出发。
Consumers aim to maximise their benefit, or utility.
消费者追求利益（效用）最大化。
Businesses aim to maximise their profit.
企业追求利润最大化。
Both have named exceptions, and an answer must name the specific one.
两者都有具名的例外，答题时必须说出具体的例外。
Consumers may not maximise their benefit for three reasons. They are not always good at calculating their benefits. Habits are hard to give up. And they sometimes copy others' behaviour.
消费者可能不会实现利益最大化，原因有三：他们并不总能算清自己的收益；习惯难以改掉；有时会模仿他人的行为。
Producers may not maximise profit for three reasons. Managers may maximise revenue or sales instead. Producers may prioritise caring for customers. And producers may carry out charitable work.
生产者可能不会追求利润最大化，原因有三：经理可能转而追求收入或销量最大化；生产者可能优先照顾顾客；生产者可能从事慈善工作。
Check yourself.
自我检测。
Opportunity cost is the benefit of the next-best alternative forgone.
机会成本是放弃的次优选择的收益。
A point inside the frontier means unemployed resources.
边界内的点表示资源闲置。
More resources or better technology shift it outwards.
更多资源或更好的技术使边界外移。
And managers may maximise sales instead of profit.
经理可能追求销量最大化而不是利润最大化。