Motivation, stress and evidence in sport
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| coping/ˈkəʊpɪŋ/ | התמודדות |
| motivation/ˌməʊtɪˈveɪʃn/ | מוטיבציה |
What would explain this observation?
- Two athletes can react differently to the same competition. Their appraisal, experience and coping 应对 strategies affect the response.
Build the model
- Motivation 动机 concerns initiation, direction and persistence of behaviour.
- Stress depends partly on the relationship between perceived demands and perceived resources.
- Arousal and anxiety are related but distinct constructs.
- motivation: Processes influencing initiation and persistence.
- coping: Strategies used to manage demands.
Which classroom approach is ethically appropriate?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Research with people needs voluntary, informed, low-risk participation, so an approved anonymous questionnaire is acceptable. Deliberately inducing distress fails ethics, and one questionnaire score is not a clinical diagnosis.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- A self-report scale measures reported experience under its design.
- It does not diagnose a disorder or establish a universal relationship between arousal and performance.
- Analyse within-person and between-person variation separately.
In the lab: Use anonymous voluntary questionnaires approved by the school, avoid sensitive personal disclosure, and allow withdrawal. Compare the same task and time point, define the scale and explain its limitations.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: reported scores are 2, 4, 4, 5 and 5.
- Mean = sum/count = 20/5 = 4.
- Range = maximum-minimum = 5-2 = 3.
- The mean summarizes this sample and scale, without proving why the participants differ.
Your turn: Scores are 3, 5, 5 and 7. Find the mean.
Scores are 3, 5, 5 and 7. Find the mean.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
The result is 5 . Known: scores 3, 5, 5 and 7. Use mean = sum / count. Sum = 3 + 5 + 5 + 7 = 20. Mean = 20/4 = 5. The mean summarises this sample; it does not explain why individuals differ.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Correlation does not prove that stress caused a performance result.
- Students should not induce distress to investigate coping.
Not true: A self-report stress score is a medical diagnosis. A self-report score is a subjective indication on one scale on one day. A medical diagnosis requires qualified clinical assessment; a questionnaire cannot provide it.
- Motivation concerns initiation, direction and persistence of behaviour.
- A self-report scale measures reported experience under its design.
- Watch for: correlation does not prove that stress caused a performance result.
Write from a mean of 6
- Reported scores are 3, 3, 4, 8 and 12.
- Find the mean and the range. A self-report score is not a medical diagnosis.
A self-report stress score is a medical diagnosis.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
A self-report score is a subjective indication on one scale on one day. A medical diagnosis requires qualified clinical assessment; a questionnaire cannot provide it.
Processes influencing initiation and persistence: write the technical term.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
motivation means Processes influencing initiation and persistence.
Reported scores are 3, 3, 4, 8 and 12. What are the mean and the range, and why is the mean not a medical diagnosis?
The mean is the sum divided by the count. The range is the maximum minus the minimum.
What is the mean of these scores?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
30 divided by 5 is 6. The range is 9 and the highest score is 12. Other options — 9 (the range); 12 (the highest score).