Adaptation: a function in an environment
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| adaptation/ˌædæpˈteɪʃn/ | הסתגלות |
| acclimatization/əˌklaɪmətaɪˈzeɪʃn/ | הסתגלות פיזיולוגית |
What would explain this observation?
- Leaves in dry environments often have features that reduce water loss. The value of a feature depends on environmental conditions and trade-offs.
Build the model
- An adaptation 适应 is a heritable feature associated with improved survival or reproduction in particular conditions.
- A thick cuticle can reduce evaporation; stomatal control affects gas exchange and water loss.
- Acclimatization 适应过程 is an individual response during life and is different from evolutionary adaptation.
- adaptation: A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context.
- acclimatization: An individual adjustment to changed conditions during life.
Which statement distinguishes acclimatization?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Acclimatization is a reversible physiological adjustment by an individual during its lifetime, like making more red blood cells at altitude. It changes no allele frequencies and creates no species - those are population-level evolutionary changes.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- Explain both a benefit and a cost.
- Reducing stomatal opening conserves water but can limit carbon dioxide entry.
- A feature cannot be judged as universally best without its ecological context.
In the lab: Compare replicated observations across a measured environmental gradient. Account for relatedness, leaf area and age. Use local permitted plant observations rather than removing protected species.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: water loss is 12 g from 0.20 square metres of leaf area over 2 h.
- Area-time-normalized rate = 12/(0.20 × 2) = 30 g/(m² h).
- Comparisons require the same humidity and temperature.
Your turn: Water loss is 8 g from 0.20 m² over 2 h. Calculate rate per area per hour.
Water loss is 8 g from 0.20 m² over 2 h. Calculate rate per area per hour.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
The result is 20 g/(m² h). Known: water loss 8 g from 0.20 square metres over 2 h. Use rate = loss / (area x time). Rate = 8/(0.20 x 2) = 20 grams per square metre per hour. Comparisons need the same humidity and temperature.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- An individual organism does not evolve a new inherited trait because it needs it.
- A plausible story about function is a hypothesis requiring evidence.
Not true: Every useful individual response is evidence of a newly evolved inherited trait. Evolution acts on populations over generations through heritable variation and selection. An individual's useful acquired response is not inherited and is not evidence that a new trait evolved.
- An adaptation is a heritable feature associated with improved survival or reproduction in particular conditions.
- Explain both a benefit and a cost.
- Watch for: an individual organism does not evolve a new inherited trait because it needs it.
Write from a water-loss rate of 15 grams per square metre per hour
- Water loss is 15 g from 0.25 square metres over 4 hours.
- Find the rate per area per hour. A smaller stomatal opening saves water and can limit carbon dioxide.
Evolution acts on populations over generations through heritable variation and selection.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
True. Evolution acts on populations over generations through heritable variation and selection. An individual's useful acquired response is not inherited and is not evidence that a new trait evolved.
A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context: write the technical term.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
adaptation means A heritable feature benefiting survival or reproduction in a context.
Water loss is 15 g from 0.25 square metres over 4 hours. What is the rate per square metre per hour, and what is one cost of closing stomata?
0.25 times 4 is 1, so 15 divided by 1 is 15 grams per square metre per hour.
What is the water-loss rate?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
15 divided by 1 square-metre-hour is 15 grams per square metre per hour. Other options — 30 grams per square metre per hour (the lesson example's result for 12 g from 0.20 square metres in 2 hours); 20 grams per square metre per hour (the earlier calculation's result for 8 g from 0.20 square metres in 2 hours).