כלכלה מבואית לעסקים

Every choice has a cost

• Scarcity 稀缺性 means resources are limited but people's wants are not.
• A business cannot buy every machine, hire every worker, or run every advert. It must choose.
• The opportunity cost 机会成本 is the next best option given up when that choice is made.

Opportunity cost is the option you did not choose, quietly waving from the other queue.

Price is a signal

• In a market 市场, price links buyers and sellers.
• Demand 需求 is how much consumers are willing and able to buy at each price. A lower price usually leads to more demand.
• Supply 供给 is how much firms are willing and able to sell at each price. A higher price usually makes supply more attractive.
• These are tendencies, not promises. A firm still needs evidence about its own customers.

The point where plans meet

• An equilibrium price 均衡价格 is the price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied.
• Above it, a seller may have unsold stock. Below it, customers may want more than the firm can provide.
• A shortage is not automatically good news: it can mean disappointed customers and lost future sales.