אינפלציה, היפרלות וכוח קנייה
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| deflation/diːˈfleɪʃn/ | היפילציה |
| consumer price index/kənˈsuːmə praɪs ˈɪndeks/ | מדד מחירי הצרכן |
A decision you can investigate
- A family’s shopping basket costs more, while a café replaces its printed menus.
- The consequences of inflation include real purchasing power and costs of adjusting to price changes.
Build the explanation
- Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level; deflation 通货紧缩 is a sustained fall. CPI tracks the cost of a weighted consumer basket. Inflation rate = (new CPI−old CPI)/old CPI × 100.
- Demand-pull inflation can follow spending rising faster than available output. Cost-push inflation can follow higher energy, wages or imported input costs. One expensive product alone does not establish general inflation.
Work through the evidence
- CPI rises from 120 to 126: inflation = 6/120 × 100 = 5%. A wage rises from 2000 to 2060, or 3%. Real wage change is approximately 3−5 = −2%; exactly, purchasing-power ratio = 1.03/1.05, a fall of about 1.90%.
- Menu costs are costs of changing prices. Shoe-leather costs are extra effort managing money balances. Uncertain future costs/prices can weaken confidence and investment; domestic prices rising faster than foreign prices can reduce export competitiveness.
מדד המחירים לצרכן (CPI) עולה מ-120 ל-126. התנודתיות היא
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
חלקו את העלייה של 6 נקודות ב-120 ההתחלתי.
Test the limits
- Central banks may raise interest rates to restrain spending and inflation; this can reduce investment and employment. Cost-push inflation can combine higher prices with weaker output and higher unemployment.
- Borrowers and savers experience different effects, especially when rates fail to adjust. Lower inflation means prices rise more slowly; it is not deflation. CPI weights may not match every household’s basket.
איזה מהם הוא לחץ המוגבל על הצד ההיצע?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
עלויות כניסה גבוהות יותר עשויות להגביר מחירי מכירה ולהפחית את ההיצע.
אינפלציה עלולה להפחית את היכולת התחרותית של ייצוא כאשר מחירים מקומיים עולים מהר יותר ממחירים זרים.
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
מחירים יחסיים יכולים להפוך את הייצוא המקומי לפחות נמשך, בתנאים אחרים לא משתנים.
Apply and explain your answer
- Why does a 3% wage rise fail to preserve purchasing power in this example?
- The consumer basket rises 5%, faster than the wage.
האינפלציה יורדת מ5% ל2%. מה קורה למדירוג המחירים הכללי?
Difficulty 1/5 · 100 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
שיעור אינפלציה חיובי עדיין משמעותו עליית מחירים.
Use the terms precisely
- consumer price index 消费者价格指数: An index of prices for a weighted basket of consumer purchases.
- deflation: A sustained fall in the general price level.
התאם את המונחים למשמעותיהם.
Difficulty 2/5 · 140 coins + a small bonus on first completion today
כל מונח מתאר מנגנון ספציפי בשיעור זה.
CPI rises from 120 to 126: inflation = 6/120 × 100 = 5%. A wage rises from 2000 to 2060, or 3%. Real wage change is approximately 3−5 = −2%; exactly, purchasing-power ratio = 1.03/1.05, a fall of about 1.90%. Menu costs are costs of changing prices. Shoe-leather costs are extra effort managing money balances. Uncertain future costs/prices can weaken confidence and investment; domestic prices rising faster than foreign prices can reduce export competitiveness.
Central banks may raise interest rates to restrain spending and inflation; this can reduce investment and employment. Cost-push inflation can combine higher prices with weaker output and higher unemployment. Borrowers and savers experience different effects, especially when rates fail to adjust. Lower inflation means prices rise more slowly; it is not deflation. CPI weights may not match every household’s basket.
Inflation is a sustained rise in the general price level; deflation is a sustained fall. CPI tracks the cost of a weighted consumer basket. Inflation rate = (new CPI−old CPI)/old CPI × 100.