Cloning routes: identify the genetic source
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| tissue culture/ˈtɪʃuː ˈkʌltʃə/ | תרבות רקמות |
| nuclear transfer/ˈnjuːklɪə ˈtrænsfɜː/ | העברת גרעין |
What would explain this observation?
- An animal clone can develop in a host that did not provide its body-cell nucleus. Identify which role supplies the specified genetic information.
Build the model
- Plant tissue culture 组织培养 uses small groups of plant cells to grow identical new plants, useful in nurseries and preserving rare species.
- Cuttings are an older, simpler way to produce new plants from a parent.
- Embryo transplant cloning splits cells from an early animal embryo before specialisation, then transfers the resulting identical embryos into host mothers.
- tissue culture: Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells.
- nuclear transfer 核移植: Moving a body-cell nucleus into an egg whose nucleus has been removed.
Which supplies the nucleus in adult-cell cloning?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
In adult-cell cloning the nucleus - carrying the full genome - comes from the donor's adult body cell, placed into an emptied egg. The womb only hosts development, and no sperm is involved.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- In adult-cell cloning, remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and insert a nucleus from an adult body cell such as skin.
- An electric shock stimulates division into an embryo.
- When it forms a ball of cells, transfer it into a female’s womb.
- The specified embryo genetic-information comparison concerns the adult nuclear donor; the host supplies the developmental environment.
- Detailed mitochondrial inheritance is outside this GCSE account.
In the lab: Draw separate diagrams for plant cloning, embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer. A teacher-supervised plant cutting can be observed over time with matched care; animal procedures remain diagram/evidence study. Compare useful genetic uniformity with vulnerability to shared disease, costs, animal welfare and ethical objections. Cloning a rare plant is not a substitute for protecting its habitat.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: a nursery roots 36 of 48 cuttings.
- Success = 36/48×100 = 75%.
- This measures establishment in that trial, not proof that every genetic characteristic or adult size is identical.
- Conditions during growth can affect phenotype even when plants are genetic clones in the stated model.
Your turn: Forty-five of 60 plant cuttings establish. Find success percentage.
Forty-five of 60 plant cuttings establish. Find success percentage.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
The result is 75 %. Known: 45 of 60 cuttings establish. Use percentage = established / total x 100. Success = 45/60 x 100 = 75%. Establishment does not prove identical adult phenotype.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- Adult-cell cloning does not fertilise an egg with the donor skin cell.
- Embryo splitting and adult nuclear transfer start from different material.
- A genetically identical group does not provide the variation benefits of sexual reproduction.
Not true: Adult-cell cloning requires fusion of sperm and egg gametes. Adult-cell cloning is asexual: a body-cell nucleus replaces the egg nucleus with no gamete fusion. Sperm and egg fusion is sexual reproduction, producing a genetically unique offspring - the opposite of cloning.
- Plant tissue culture uses small groups of plant cells to grow identical new plants, useful in nurseries and preserving rare species.
- In adult-cell cloning, remove the nucleus from an unfertilised egg and insert a nucleus from an adult body cell such as skin.
- Watch for: adult-cell cloning does not fertilise an egg with the donor skin cell.
Adult-cell cloning requires fusion of sperm and egg gametes.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Adult-cell cloning is asexual: a body-cell nucleus replaces the egg nucleus with no gamete fusion. Sperm and egg fusion is sexual reproduction, producing a genetically unique offspring - the opposite of cloning.
Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells: write the technical term.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
tissue culture means Growing new plants from small groups of plant cells.