Higher Tier: evidence about brain function
הוצג| English | משמעות |
|---|---|
| electrical stimulation/ɪˈlektrɪkl ˌstɪmjʊˈleɪʃn/ | גירוי חשמלי |
| MRI scanning/ˌem ɑː ˈaɪ ˈskænɪŋ/ | מיפוי תהודה מגנטית |
What would explain this observation?
- Higher Tier: A scan can show a pattern related to a task, but a correlation is not automatically proof that one region alone causes the whole behaviour.
Build the model
- Neuroscientists map brain regions using evidence from patients with brain damage, electrical stimulation 电刺激 of particular areas and MRI scanning 磁共振成像.
- Damage associated with a lost function provides evidence about a region’s role.
- Stimulation can produce a response, and scanning can supply structural or task-related information interpreted using the stated technique.
- MRI scanning: A scanning technique used to obtain information about brain structure or function.
- electrical stimulation: Applying an electrical stimulus to investigate a response under regulated conditions.
Why can identifying brain function be difficult?
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Brain regions are interconnected and delicate: stimulating or damaging one affects networks, and ethical limits restrict intervention, so results resist clean interpretation. Independent regions and a single percentage would make it easy - it is not.
Match each technical term to its precise meaning.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Use the definitions to distinguish related quantities and processes.
Choose evidence that can test it
- The brain is complex and delicate.
- Regions are interconnected, damage may affect more than one pathway and invasive procedures can cause harm.
- Evaluating a procedure weighs the expected information or treatment benefit against risks, uncertainty and ethical constraints.
- Agreement between different kinds of evidence can strengthen a conclusion without eliminating every limitation.
In the lab: Compare supplied fictional case summaries, a stimulation map and a described scan result. State what each actually measures and distinguish association from direct intervention. Real procedures require professional oversight and appropriate consent. The school task is evidence analysis, never an instruction to stimulate brains, imitate a clinical scan or provoke damage.
Which two habits make the investigation or model in this case more defensible?
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
Stating the conditions and assumptions lets others repeat the work exactly, and recording the supporting evidence lets them check the conclusion. Hiding disagreeing results removes the evidence that could challenge a wrong conclusion, and one measurement can never establish a wider claim.
Work from known quantities
- Known: a fictional evidence set reports a stated response in 18 of 24 recorded stimulation cases, or 75%.
- Six cases differ.
- The proportion summarizes those records but does not prove a universal region–function relationship; location, procedure, patient differences and the definition of a response need review.
Your turn: A fictional evidence set reports a response in 21 of 28 cases. Calculate the percentage.
A fictional evidence set reports a response in 21 of 28 cases. Calculate the percentage.
רמת קושי 2/5 · 140 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
The result is 75 %. Known: response in 21 of 28 cases. Use percentage = responses / total x 100. Percentage = 21/28 x 100 = 75%. The proportion summarises these records; it does not prove a universal region-function rule.
Check the conclusion and its limits
- MRI is a technique rather than a single universal readout of every thought.
- A damaged region may affect connected systems, so a lost function cannot always be localized to one isolated cell group.
- Higher Tier evaluation must give a specific benefit and risk rather than a generic claim that technology is good.
Not true: One scan alone always proves a region is the only cause of a behaviour. A scan shows activity correlated with a behaviour across networks; it cannot prove one region alone causes the behaviour. Damaged or connected regions produce confounding effects.
- Neuroscientists map brain regions using evidence from patients with brain damage, electrical stimulation of particular areas and MRI scanning.
- The brain is complex and delicate.
- Watch for: MRI is a technique rather than a single universal readout of every thought.
One scan alone always proves a region is the only cause of a behaviour.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
A scan shows activity correlated with a behaviour across networks; it cannot prove one region alone causes the behaviour. Damaged or connected regions produce confounding effects.
A scanning technique used to obtain information about brain structure or function: write the technical term.
רמת קושי 1/5 · 100 מטבעות + בונוס קטן בהשלמה הראשונה היום
MRI scanning means A scanning technique used to obtain information about brain structure or function.